wp—— jib^wbi  BBWPflMi  i  - 

"  TaM 


ffilllBHWIiiiiiliiltl!! 


1C6 


No.  II 


IN  MEMORIAM 

A.   F.   Lange 


Education  Department 


7fco 

U/1QC 


N 


A  NEW 

BEGINNERS'  LATIN  BOOK 


BY 


J.  C.  HOCH,  Ph.D.,  and  O.  F.  H.  BERT,  B.S, 

INSTRUCTORS   IN  GREEK   AND   LATIN 

IN   GREENSBURG  SEMINARY 

PENNSYLVANIA 


COPYRIGHT,   I90I,    BY   HINDS  &   NOBLE 


HINDS    &    NOBLE,  Publishers 
4  Cooper  Institute  New  York  City 


PREFACE. 

In  adding  a  new  book  to  the  large  number  of  methods 
for  teaching  Latin  to  beginners,  the  authors  feel  that  in 
many  respects  they  have  improved  upon  the  text-books 
already  in  use. 

Exceptions  to  rules  have,  for  the  most  part,  been  pur- 
posely omitted,  since  the  aim  is  to  teach  the  essentials  of 
the  language ;  the  more  particular  points  can  best  be  ac- 
quired in  connection  with  the  reading  of  the  classics  which 
will  follow.  Many  of  the  sentences  are  original,  while  those 
of  more  complex  construction  have  been  taken  from  classic 
authors ;  all  have  been  chosen  with  the  aim  to  interest  the 
student,  as  well  as  to  illustrate  the  rules  of  syntax. 

The  words  which  make  up  the  vocabulary  are  such  as  will 
prove  to  be  of  value  in  later  study.  Five  review  lessons  in 
vocabulary  have  been  introduced. 

The  treatment  of  the  subjunctive  mode  has  been  withheld 
until  after  the  indicative  of  the  four  conjugations  has  been 
learned.  The  uses  of  the  subjunctive  are  introduced  in 
eminently  logical  order.  The  discussion  of  conditional 
sentences  by  means  of  a  diagram  is  a  new  feature.  The 
treatment  of  the  non-finite  verb  forms  is  at  once  most  eco- 
nomical and  clear. 


o  bwi. 


IV  PREFACE 

The  question  of  the  quantity  of  vowels  has  received  very 
careful  attention,  and  the  best  of  authorities  have  been  con- 
sulted and  compared.  The  usage  which,  on  the  whole,  has 
seemed  nearest  the  original  usage  has  been  adopted  in  every 
case. 

The  fables  and  other  stories  which  are  commonly  found 
in  other  beginners'  Latin  books  are  here  omitted,  since 
ample  material  for  reading  is  supplied  in  the  text. 

J.  C.   HOCH. 

O.   F.   H.   BERT. 

Greensburg,  Pa., 
January  10,  1901. 


CONTENTS. 

LESSON  PAGE 

I.  The  Alphabet I 

II.  Syllables — Accent         .        .        ...        .        .        .  3 

III.  Pronunciation 5 

IV.  Parts  of  Speech  and  Inflection 6 

V.  The  First  Declension 8 

VI.  Agreement  of  Adjectives        .         .         .         .         .         .10 

VII.  Indirect  Object 1 1 

VIII.  Interrogative  Sentences 13 

IX.  Genitive  Case  (Possessive) 14 

X.  Apposition 16 

XI.  Verb  Sum 18 

XII.  The  Second  Declension          ......  20 

XIII.  Adjectives  of  the  First  and  the  Second  Declension         .  22 

XIV.  The  Second  Declension  (continued}      ....  25 
XV.  Adjectives   of  the   First   and   the    Second   Declension 

(continued}         ........  27 

XVI.  Review  in  Vocabulary    .......  29 

XVII.  The  First  Conjugation 31 

XVIII.  The  Verb  Sum  (continued}  ......  34 

XIX.  The  Demonstratives 36 

XX.  The  Demonstrative  is 38 

XXI.  The  Relative  and  the  Interrogative         ....  40 

XXII.  The  Passive  Voice 43 

XXIII.  Ablatives  of  Means  or  Instrument  and  Manner      .         .  46 

XXIV.  The  Third  Declension 48 

v 


vi 

CONTENTS 

LESSON 

XXV. 

The  Third  Declension  (continued}  . 

XXVI. 

The  Third  Declension  {continued)  . 

XXVII. 

The  Third  Declension  {continued)  . 

XXVIII. 

The  Ablative  of  Time       .... 

XXIX. 

The  Third  Declension  (continued)  . 

XXX. 

Genitives  and  Ablatives 

XXXI. 

The  Ablatives  of  Specification  and  Cause 

XXXII. 

Review  in  Vocabulary 

XXXIII. 

Adjectives  of  the  Third  Declension  . 

XXXIV. 

Adjectives  of  the  Third  Declension  (continued 

)    • 

XXXV. 

The  Accusative  of  Time  and  Space  . 

XXXVI. 

The  Second  Conjugation  .... 

XXXVII. 
XXXVIII. 

Comparison  of  Adjectives 
The  Use  of  the  Comparative     . 

XXXIX. 

The  Use  of  the  Superlative 

XL. 

Comparison  of  Adjectives  (continued) 

XLI. 

Comparison  of  Adjectives  (continued) 

XLII. 

The  Ablative  of  Degree  of  Difference 

XLIII. 

Formation  of  Adverbs       .... 

XLIV. 

Comparison  of  Adverbs     .... 

XLV. 

The  Fourth  Declension     .... 

XLVI. 

The  Fifth  Declension        .... 

XLVII. 

Personal  Pronouns    ..... 

XLVIII. 

Review  in  Vocabulary       .... 

XLIX. 

Possessive  Adjectives        .... 

L. 

Locative  Case  ...... 

LI. 

Constructions  of  Place      .... 

LII. 

The  Demonstratives,  iste,  ipse,  idem 

LIII. 

The  Indefinite  Pronouns  .... 

LIV. 

Pronominal  Adjectives      .... 

LV. 

Cardinal  Numerals 

CONTENTS 


Vll 


LESSON  PAGE 

LVI.     Ordinal  Numerals 114 

LVII.     Two  Uses  of  the  Dative 116 

LVIII.     The  Third  Conjugation 118 

LIX.  The  Third  Conjugation  {continued)          .         .         .120 

LX.     The  Fourth  Conjugation 123 

LXI.     The  Dative  with  Verbs 125 

LXII.     Deponent  Verbs 127 

LXIII.  Dative  with  Compounds  .         .         .         .         .         .130 

LXIV.     Review  in  Vocabulary 132 

LXV.  Imperative  Mode  and  Participles      .         .         .         .134 

LXVI.  The  Ablative  Absolute      .         .         .         .         .         .137 

LXVII.     Uses  of  the  Infinitive 139 

LXVIII.  Possum  with  the  Infinitive        .         .         .         .         .142 

LXIX.     Indirect  Discourse 144 

LXX.  The  Subjunctive  Mode  —  Sequence  of  Tenses  .         .     147 

LXXI.  Purpose  and  Result  Clauses  with  ut                                 149 

LXXII.  Subjunctive  in  Relative  Clauses         ....     153 

LXXIII.     Cum  Clauses 156 

LXXIV.  The  Subjunctive  with  Verbs  of  Fearing    .         .         .159 

LXXV.     Indirect  Questions 162 

LXXVI.  The  Subjunctive  in  Independent  Sentences       .         .164 

LXXVII.     Conditional  Sentences 168 

LXXVIII.  Conditional  Sentences  {continued)  .         .         .         .170 

LXXIX.  Gerund,  Gerundive,  and  Supine        .         .         .         .172 

LXXX.  The  Periphrastic  Conjugation            .         •         .         .     175 

LXXXI.     Review  in  Vocabulary 177 

Tables  of  Declension  and  Conjugation       .        .        .        .179 

Vocabularies 213 


A    NEW 
BEGINNERS'    LATIN    BOOK. 

LESSON    I. 
The    Alphabet. 

1.  The  English  alphabet  is  in  reality  the  Latin  alphabet. 
Originally  the  Latin  alphabet  contained  only  twenty- three 
letters.  The  v  served  for  the  consonant  w  and  the  vowel  u, 
but  finally  a  separate  letter  u  was  added ;  the  i  served  for 
the  vowel  i  and  also  the  consonant  j ;  consequently  the 
Latin  alphabet  consists  of  twenty-four  letters. 

2.  Naturally  the  letters  of  the  alphabet  divide  themselves 
into  two  groups,  vowels  and  consonants,  as  follows  :  — 

Vowels :  a,  e,  i,  o,  u,  y. 

Consonants  :    b,  c,  d,  f,  g,  h,  i,  k.  1,  m,  n,  p,  q,  r,  s,  t,  v,  x,  z. 

The  consonants  are  divided  into  mutes,  liquids,  spirants, 
and  double  consonants. 

f  labials  :     p,  b. 
The  mutes  are    .     .     .  \  Unguals :  t,  d. 

I  palatals :  c,  k,  g,  q. 

The  liquids  are 1,  m,  n,  r. 

The  spirants  are f,  h,  s. 

The  double  consonants  are  .     .       x,  z. 
i 


H/l  Z\ j  ; ' '.' ,' ;  ;  BEGZlfrfERS'  LATIN  BOOK 

3.  Pronunciation.  —  a.  The  vowels  are  sounded  as  fol- 
lows :  — 

a  (long)  like  a  in  father,  a  (short)  like  a  in  comma, 

e       "        like  e  in  they,  e        "        like  e  in  met. 

1        "        like  i  in  machine.  1        "        like  i  in  pin. 

6       "        like  o  in  /#;/£.  6        "        like  <?  in  for. 

u       "        like  <?<?  in  boot.  ft       "        like  u  in  ^#/. 

y  between  u  and  i  (German  ii). 

b.  The  consonants  are  sounded  like  the  English,  with 
the  following  exceptions  :  — 

c  like  c  in  cord.  s  like   s   in  so. 

g  like  g  in  go.  v  like  w  in  w^/. 

i   like  y  in  ^&y.  h  is  a  mere  breathing. 

r.  Diphthongs.  —  A  diphthong  is  a  union  of  two  vowels 
sounded  as  one.  There  are  six  such  combinations,  as  fol- 
lows :  — 

ae  like    i    in  mile.  ei    like    a  in  ate. 

au  like  ow  in  cow.  eu  like    u  in  acute. 

oe  like   oy  in  &?/.  ui  like  we  in  weak. 

Diphthongs  are  always  long. 

d.  Combined  Consonants.  —  In  a  few  cases  two  conso- 
nants are  combined  and  sounded  as  one,  as  follows  :  — 

bs  "like  ps  in  lips.  th    like  /  in  tin. 

ch  like    c    in  cord.  ph  like  f  in  find. 

e.  Double  Consonants. 

x  like  cks  in  bricks.  z  like  ds  in  lads. 


SYLLABLES—-  A  CCENT>  3 

LESSON    II. 
Syllables  — Accent. 

4.  Syllables.  —  The  number  of  syllables  in  a  word  is 
determined  by  the  number  of  vowels  and  diphthongs. 
There  are  no  silent  letters  in  Latin.  Each  syllable  must 
contain  one  vowel  or  diphthong,  and  only  one. 

a.  A  consonant  between  two  vowels  belongs  to  the 
following  syllable.  Repeated  consonants  are  always  sepa- 
rated. Several  consonants  between  two  vowels  are  joined 
to  the  following  vowel  if  together  they  can  be  used  to 
begin  a  Latin  word ;  but  in  compounds  the  component 
parts  are  separated. 

b.  Only  three  syllables  of  any  word  have  particular  names, 
viz. :  the  last  syllable  is  called  the  ultima  ;  the  next  to  the 
last,  the  penult;  the  one  before  that,  the  antepenult. 

5.  Quantity. — Vowels  are  either  long  (")  or  short  (w). 

a.  A  vowel  before  another  vowel  or  h  is  short :  galea,  a 
helmet ;  traho,  /  draw.  There  are  a  few  exceptions  to  this 
rule. 

b.  A  vowel  before  nd  and  nt  is  short :  mando,  I  order ; 
amentia,  madness. 

c.  A  vowel  formed   by  contraction  is  long:   nil  (nihil), 

nothing. 

d.  A  vowel  before  i  consonant,  nf,  ns,  gm,  gn,  is  long : 
peior,  worse;  infimus,  lowest;  mensa,  table ;  agmen,  line 
of  battle;  Ignis,  fire. 


•J-  ■;"  ;       REGINKERS'   LATIN  BOOK 

e.   Diphthongs  are  long :  laudo,  /  praise ;  caelum,  sky. 

f  A  syllable  is  long  if  it  contains  a  diphthong  or  a  long 
vowel ;  it  is  short  by  nature  if  it  contains  a  short  vowel : 
cae-do,  /  kill ;  In-fe-ri-or. 

g.  A  syllable  is  long  by  position  if  its  vowel  is  followed 
by  a  double  consonant  or  by  two  consonants  except  a  mute 
followed  by  1  or  r :  nox,  night;  culpa,  blame. 

6.  Accent. 

a.  Words  of  two  syllables  are  accented  on  the  penult : 
Ro'-ma,  Rome. 

b.  Words  of  more  than  two  syllables  are  accented  on 
the  penult  if  it  is  long ;  if  the  penult  is  short,  the  accent 
falls  on  the  antepenult :  a-mi'-cus,  friend ;  a-mi-ci  -ti-a, 
friendship. 

Note. — The  ultima  is  never  accented,  nor  does  the  accent 
ever  go  forward  farther  than  the  antepenult. 

c.  When  an  enclitic  is  joined  to  a  word,  it  draws 
the  accent  upon  the  last  syllable  of  the  original  word : 
puerl'-que  =  et  pueri,  and  children. 


Calcar. 


PR  ON  UN  CIA  TION 


LESSON  III. 
Pronunciation. 
7.   Exercise.  —  Pronounce  carefully  the  following  words :  — 


pax 

fas 

eras 

pars 

clam 

iam 

pes 

rex 

se 

per 

nee 

ex 

sic 

quln 

hie 

is 

vir 

nix 

quo 

nos 

cor 

do 

tot 

nox 

dux 

ius 

lux 

cur 

prae 

dum 

nunc 

haec 

foedus 

aut 

laus 

poena 

culcumque 

deinde 

eheu 

neuter 

circiter 

barbarus 

brevitas 

Cicero 

iuvenis 

galllna 

gigas 

iudex 

tristitia 

Iulius 

sapiens 

prudens 

V1VUS 

turpitudo 

thesaurus 

transversus 

phalanx 

vectigalis 

vectigal 

vel 

elephantus 

pharetra 

philosophus 

philosophia 

chelydrus 

elephas 

chorus 

chlamys 

urbs 

Charybdis 

concha 

conchis 

Zama 

plebs 

humerus 

huius 

aedificat 

gladius 

reglna 

niger 

discipulus 

patria 

pecunia 

modestus 

Note. — The  words  have  been  arranged  in  columns  for  the 
pupils'  convenience  —  the  simplest  monosyllables  appearing  at 
the  beginning  of  each  column. 

Caution.  —  Observe  carefully  the  rules  for  quantity  of  sylla- 
bles and  accent  as  given  in  Lesson  II. 


6  BEGINNERS'   LATIN  BOOK 

LESSON  IV. 
Parts   of  Speech   and   Inflection. 

8.  The  parts  of  speech  are  as  follows  :  noun,  pronoun, 
adjective,  verb,  adverb,  preposition,  conjunction,  and  inter- 
jection. 

Inflection  is  the  process  of  changing  the  form  of  a  word 
to  show  its  grammatical  relations. 

The  inflection  of  nouns,  pronouns,  and  adjectives  is  called 
declension ;   that  of  verbs,  conjugation. 

The  other  parts  of  speech  are  not  inflected,  and  are 
called  particles. 

a.  Nouns,  pronouns,  and  adjectives  are  inflected  to 
show  differences  in  gender,  number,  and  case. 

b.  The  verb  is  inflected  to  show  differences  in  voice, 
mode,  tense,  person,  and  number. 

c.  Comparison  of  adjectives  and  adverbs  is  not  strictly 
considered  inflection,  but  is  rather  the  derivation  of  new 
stems  to  express  different  degrees. 

9.  Declension.  —  a.  In  Latin,  declined  words  have  six 
cases  :  Nominative,  Genitive,  Dative,  Accusative,  Vocative, 
Ablative. 

b.  Gender. — There  are  three  genders  in  Latin :  Mascu- 
line, Feminine,  and  Neuter. 

General  Rules. — Names  of  males ',  rivers,  months,  winds, 
mountains,  and,  in  general,  the  names  of  things  characterized  by 
strength  and  size,  are  masculine. 


PARTS   OF  SPEECH  AND  INFLECTION  J 

Names  of  females,  countries,  cities,  islands,  trees,  plants,  and, 
in  general,  things  characterized  by  beauty  and  tenderness,  are 
feminine. 

Indeclinable  nouns  are  neuter, 

c.  Number.  —  There  are  two  numbers,  as  in  English, 
Singular  and  Plural. 

10.  Conjugation.  —  a.  Voice.  —  The  Latin  has  two  voices, 
the  Active  and  the  Passive,  to  show  whether  the  subject  is 
acting  upon  an  object,  or  is  acted  upon. 

b.  Mode.  —  There  are  three  modes  of  the  finite  verb : 
Indicative,  Subjunctive,  and  Imperative,  besides  other  forms 
of  the  verb :  Infinitive,  Participle,  Gerund,  and  Supine,  to 
be  explained  later. 

c.  Tense.  —  There  are  six  tenses:  Present,  Imperfect, 
and  Future,  called  tenses  of  continued  action,  and  Perfect, 
Pluperfect,  and  Future  Perfect,  called  tenses  of  completed 
action. 

d.  Person  and  Number.  —  Each  tense  is  inflected 
through  two  numbers,  Singular  and  Plural,  and  three  per- 
sons, First,  Second,  and  Third,  the  number  and  person  of 
the  verb  depending  upon  the  subject. 

e.  Principal  Parts.  —  The  principal  parts  of  a  Latin 
verb  are  the  first  person  singular  present  indicative  active, 
the  present  infinitive  active,  the  first  person  singular  per- 
fect indicative  active,  and  the  perfect  passive  participle. 
They  are  so  called  because  all  parts  of  the  verb  may  be 
formed  from  them. 


8  BEGINNERS'  LATIN  BOOK 

LESSON  V. 
The   First   Declension. 

11.  There  are  five  declensions  in  Latin,  distinguished  by 
the  ending  of  the  genitive  singular  and  the  final  letter  of 
the  stem. 

That  part  of  the  noun  to  which  significant  suffixes  called 
case  terminations  are  attached  is  called  the  stem. 

12.  The  first  declension  is  called  the  a  declension. 

nauta,  m.,  sailor  ;  stem,  nauta  ;  base,  naut-. 
Singular.  Plural. 

N.     naut-a,  a  sailor.  naut-ae. 

G.     naut-ae,  of  a  sailor.  naut-arum. 

D.     naut-ae,  to  or  for  a  sailor.  naut-is. 

A.     naut-am,  a  sailor,    (obj.)  naut-as. 

V.     naut-a,  0  sailor.  naut-ae. 

A.     naut-a,  with,  by,  from  a  sailor,  naut-is. 

13.  Observe  that,  in  the  above  paradigm,  the  hyphen  is 
used  not  to  divide  the  word  into  syllables,  but  to  separate 
the  case  endings  from  the  base. 

Caution.  —  Pay  particular  attention  to  the  diphthongs  and 
the  long  and  short  vowels. 

14.  Rules.  —  a.  The  subject  of  a  finite  verb  is  in  the 
Nominative   Case. 

b.  The  object  of  a  transitive  verb  is  in  the  Accusative  Case. 

c.  The  predicate  noun  agrees  with  the  subject  in  Case. 

Examples.  —  Europa  est  terra.     Europe  is  a  country. 
Aqua  delectat  agricolas.     Water  delights  the  farmers. 


THE  FIRST  DECLENSION*  Q 

15.  Vocabulary. 

Asia,  -ae,  f.,  Asia.  femina,  -ae,  f.,  wo7nan. 
terra,  -ae,  f.,  land  ox  country,      regina,  -ae,  f.,  queen. 

Europa,  -ae,  f.,  Europe.  aqua,  -ae,  f.,  water. 

Britannia,  -ae,  f.,  Britain.  puella,  -ae,  f.,  girl. 

insula,  -ae,  f.,  island.  silva,  -ae,  f,  forest. 

Minerva,  -ae,  f.,  Minerva.  aquila,  -ae,  f.,  eagle. 

Diana,  -ae,  f.,  Diana.  bestia,  -ae,  f.,  animal. 

dea,  -ae,  f.,  goddess.  columba,  -ae,  f.,  dove. 

agricola,  -ae,  m.,  farmer,  incola,  -ae,  m.,  inhabitant. 

est,  (he,  she,  it)  is.  amat,  (he)  loves. 

sunt,  (they)  are.  amant,  (they)  love. 

delectat,  (he)  delights.  laudat,  (he)  praises. 

delectant,  (they)  delight.  laudant,  (they)  praise. 
et,  and. 

Note.  — There  are  no  equivalents  for  the  English  articles  a, 
an,  andJhe. 

16.  Exercises  in  Translation. 

I.  i.  Asia  est  terra.  2.  Europa  et  Asia  sunt  terrae. 
3.  Britannia  est  insula.  4.  Diana  est  dea.  5.  Et  Minerva 
est  dea.  6.  Diana  et  Minerva  sunt  deae.  7.  Diana  Miner- 
vam  amat.  8.  Minerva  Britanniam  amat.  9.  Diana  et  Minerva 
terras  amant.     10.  Deae  agricolam  laudant. 

II.  1.  The  queen  loves  the  farmers.  2.  The  woman 
loves  the  girl.  3.  The  farmer  loves  the  animals.  4.  The 
forest  delights  the  goddesses.  5.  The  girl  loves  Diana. 
6.  Britain  is  an  island  and  a  country.  7.  The  eagle  loves 
the  forest.  8.  The  dove  delights  the  girl.  9.  The  girls 
and  the  queen  praise  the  farmers.  10.  The  women  praise 
Minerva. 


IO  BEGINNERS'   LATIN  BOOK 

LESSON    VI. 

17.  Rule.  —  Adjectives  agree  with  the  nouns  they  modify 
in  gender,  number,  and  case. 

Note.  —  Review  paragraph  3  and  strictly  apply  the  rules  on 
pronunciation. 

18.  Vocabulary. 

poeta,  -ae,  m.,  poet.  magna,  f.,  large. 

vita,  -ae,  f.,  life.  bona,  f.,  good. 

fabula,  -ae,  f.,  story.  mala,  f.,  bad. 

patria,  -ae,  f.,  native  land.  parva,  f.,  small. 

Roma,  -ae,  f.,  Ro?ne.  alba,  f.,  white. 

Graecia,  -ae,  f.,  Greece.  longa,  f.,  long. 

pirata,  -ae,  m.,  pirate.  narrat,  (he)  tells. 

non,  adv.,  not.  narrant,  (they)  tell. 

Victoria,  -ae,  f.,  Victoria.  sed,  hit. 

19.  Exercises  in  Translation. 

I.  i.  Agricola  vitam  amat.  2.  Poeta  fabulam  narrat. 
3.  Europa  est  magna  terra.  4.  Britannia  est  magna  insula. 
5.  Nauta  non  est  pirata.  6.  Reglna  bonas  feminas  lau- 
dat.  7.  Graecia  est  longa  terra.  8.  Victoria  est  parva 
puella.  9.  Agricola  et  nautae  bonas  fabulas  narrant. 
10.  Graecia  est  bona,  patria.  11.  Minerva  est  dea,  sed 
non  est  reglna.      12.    Incolae  Asiam  amant. 

II.  1.  The  woman  tells  a  long  story.  2.  Britain  is  a  large 
island.  3.  The  stories  delight  the  good  girls.  4.  The 
farmers  love  the  native  land.      5.   The  farmer  praises  the 


INDIRECT   OBJECT  II 

forests.  6.  Minerva  and  Diana  are  good  goddesses.  7.  Eu- 
rope and  Asia  are  large  countries.  8.  Long  life  is  good. 
9.  The  poet  praises  the  farmer.  10.  The  small  eagle 
delights  the  good  girl.  n.  The  inhabitants  love  and  praise 
the  good  queen.     12.  The  good  woman  praises  the  farmer. 


LESSON  VII. 
Indirect   Object. 

20.  Rule.  —  The  Dative  is  the  case  of  the  indirect  object, 
and  is  used  with  verbs  of  giving,  and  others  whose  meaning 
permits. 

Example.  —  Agricola  puellae  rosam  dat. 

The  farmer  gives  a  rose  to  the  girl. 

Note.  —  Review  paragraph  6. 

21.  Vocabulary. 

rosa,  -ae,  f.,  rose.  pecunia,  -ae,  f.,  money. 

gratia,  -ae,  ingratitude.  pugna,  -ae,  f.,  battle. 

victoria,  -ae,  f.,  victory.  mensa,  -ae,  f.,  table. 

Italia,  -ae,  f.,  Italy.  laetitia,  -ae,  i^joy. 

Gallia,  -ae,  f.,  Gaul.  ignavia,  -ae,  f.,  laziness. 

Germania,  -ae,  f.,  Germany.  dat,  (he)  gives. 

filia,  -ae,  f.,  daughter.  dant,  {they)  give. 

hasta,  -ae,  f.,  spear.  parat,  (he)  prepares. 

sagitta,  -ae,  f.,  arrow.  parant,  (they)  prepare. 

ara,  -ae,  f.,  altar.  ornat,  (he)  decorates. 

'in,  prep,  (with  abl),  /«,  on.  ornant,  (they)  decorate. 


12  BEGINNERS'   LATIN  BOOK 

22.  Exercises  in  Translation, 

I.  i.  Agricola  poetae  fabulam  narrat.  2.  Et  fabula 
poetae  laetitiam  dat.  3.  Puella  mensam  ornat.  4.  Incolae 
deae  aram  parant.  5.  Regina  nautae  hastam  dat.  6.  Nauta 
reginae  rosam  dat.  7.  Poeta  flliabus*  sagittas  dat.  8.  In- 
colae bonis  deabus*  pecuniam  dant.  9.  Italia,  et  Gallia,  et 
Germania  sunt  in  Europa.  10.  Regina  poetas  delectat, 
sed  non  piratas.     11.  Sagittae  in  mensa  sunt. 

II.  1.  The  battle  delights  the  pirate.  2.  The  farmer 
gives  good  water  to  the  animals.  3.  The  good  queen  is  in 
Britain.  4.  The  great  forest  delights  the  good  girls.  5.  The 
goddesses  give  long  life  to  the  sailor.  6.  The  poet  tells 
the  women  a  good  story.     7.  Large  animals  are  in  the  forest. 

8.  The  girls  decorate  the  large  altars  for  the  goddesses. 

9.  The  queen  praises  the  victory.  10.  And  she  gives  money 
to  the  sailor.  n.  In  Greece  are  great  altars.  12.  The 
poet  gives  a  white  rose  to  the  girl. 

*Note. — The  dative  and  the  ablative  plural  of  filia  and  dea 
are  flliabus  and  deabus,  respectively,  to  distinguish  them  from 
the  corresponding  forms  of  filius  and  deus. 


Arcus. 


INTERROGATIVE  SENTENCES  1 3 

LESSON   VIII. 
Interrogative   Sentences. 

23.  If  there  is  no  interrogative  word  in  a  sentence,  the 
enclitic1  ne  is  attached  to  the  most  important  word,  usually 
the  verb,  and  simply  asks  for  information. 

When  the  answer  "  yes "   is  implied,  the  adverb  nonne 
(non  +  ne)  is  used. 
When  the  answer  "no  "  is  implied,  the  adverb  num  is  used. 

Examples  :  — 

Amatne  agricola  pecuniam  ? 
Does  the  farmer  love  money  t 

Nonne  agricola  pecuniam  amat  ? 

Does  not  the  farmer  love  money  f 

Num  agricola  pecuniam  amat  ? 
Does  the  farmer  love  money  f 

Note.  —  Review  paragraphs  8  and  9. 

24.  Vocabulary. 

fossa,  -ae,  f.,  ditch.  ubi  (adv.),  where. 

epistula,  -ae,  f.,  letter.  cur  (adv.),  why. 

pulchra,  f.,  beautiful.  num  (adv.),  expects  answer  no. 

de  (prep,  with  abl.),  about.  nonne  (adv.),  expects  answer  yes. 

quia  (conj.),  because.  quis  (interrog.  pronoun),  who. 

certe  (adv.),  certainly.  quid  (interrog.  pronoun),  what. 

25.  I.  1.  Cur  agricola  pecuniam  amat?  2.  Quia  pe- 
cunia  est  bona.     3.    Ubi   est  pulchra  regina?      4.    Est  in 

1  An  enclitic  is  a  syllable  or  a  particle  added  to  another  word. 


14  BEGINNERS'   LATIN  BOOK 

Britannia.  5.  Nonne  pulchrae  silvae  incolas  delectant? 
Certe.  6.  Ubi  est  Roma?  7.  Estne  Roma  in  Italia? 
8.  Quis  fabulam  in  epistula  narrat?  9.  Parva  puella 
fabulam  feminae  de  pirata  in  epistula  narrat.  10.  Quid 
puella  deabus  ornat  ?  Ornat  aras  pulchras.  11.  Num  aqua 
in  longa  fossa  est?     12.  Aqua  in  longa  fossa  non  est. 

II.  1.  Why  is  not  water  in  the  ditch?  2.  Does  the 
farmer  love  the  beautiful  woman?  3.  Does  not  the  white 
rose  delight  the  little  girl?  4.  Who  tells  the  story  about  the 
eagle  and  the  dove?  5.  The  farmer  loves  the  woman 
because  she  is  good.  6.  What  does  the  farmer  give  to  the 
animals?  7.  He  gives  water  to  the  animals.  8.  Where  are 
Italy  and  Germany?  9.  Is  the  spear  small  ?  10.  It  is 
not  small ;  it  is  large  and  long.  11.  Is  not  the  dove  white? 
12.  Certainly,  the  dove  is  white  and  beautiful. 


LESSON    IX. 

Genitive   Case.     (Possessive.) 

26.  The  English  Possessive  is  expressed  in  Latin  by 
means  of  the  Genitive,  as  is  also  the  object  of  the  preposi- 
tion of. 

Example:  — 

Filia  agricolae  poetis  fabulam  narrat. 

The  daughter  of  the  far?ner  (the  farmer's  daughter) 
tells  the  poets  a  story. 

Note.  —  Review  paragraphs  15  and  18. 


GENITIVE    CASE  I  5 

27.  Vocabulary. 

copiae,  -arum,  f.  (pi.),  forces.  Catillna.,  -ae,  m.,  Catiline. 

causa,  -ae,  f.,  cause.  Ira,  -ae,  f.,  anger. 

industria,  -ae,  f.,  industry.  corona,  -ae,  f.,  crown. 

gallina,  -ae,  f.,  hen.  ripa,  -ae,  f.,  bank. 

gloria,  -ae,  f.,  glory.  stella,  -ae,  f.,  star. 

superbia,  -ae,  f.,  pride.  aurea,  f.,  golden. 

amicitia,  -ae,  f.,  friendship.  iustitia,  -ae,  f.,  justice. 

sapientia,  -ae,  f.,  wisdom.  servat,  (lie*)  saves. 

saepe  (adv.),  often.  servant,  (they)  save. 

28.  Exercises  in   Translation. 

I.  1.  Regina  copiarum  est  causa  laetitiae.  2.  Rosae 
aras  dearum  ornant.  3.  Industria  puellae  agricolam  delec- 
tat.  4.  Fllia  reglnae  columbas  et  galllnas  amat.  5.  Gloria 
saepe  causa  superbiae  est.  6.  Nonne  amicitia  vitam  ornat  ? 
7.  Certe,  amicitia  feminarum  bonarum  incolas  terrae  de- 
lectat.  8.  Incolae  iustitiam  et  sapientiam  reglnae  laudant. 
9.  Italia  est  patria  Catilinae.  10.  Num  superbia  nautarum 
est  causa  irae  agricolarum? 

II.  1.  The  victories  of  the  forces  save  the  country. 
2.  Catiline  does  not  love  justice  and  wisdom.  3.  The  far- 
mer gives  a  hen,  a  dove,  and  an  eagle  to  the  good  woman's 
daughter.  4.  Who  saves  the  queen's  life?  5.  Is  not  friend- 
ship good;  and  is  not  anger  bad?  6.  The  beautiful  star 
delights  the  forces  of  Britain.  7.  The  golden  crown  of 
the  queen  is  beautiful.  8.  What  is  the  cause  of  the  battle? 
9.  Wisdom  often  saves  life.  10.  The  justice  of  the  queen 
delights  the  farmers. 


l6  BEGINNERS'  LATIN  BOOK 

LESSON  X. 
Apposition. 

29.  Rule.  —  A  noun  limiting  another,  and  denoting  the 
same  person  or  thing,  is  said  to  be  in  apposition  with  it,  and 
agrees  with  it  in  case. 

Examples  :  — 

Graecia,  mea  patria,  est  parva  terra. 

Greece,  ?ny  native  land,  is  a  S7nall  country. 

Agricola  rosam  parvae  puellae,  suae  filiae,  dat. 

The  farmer  gives  a  rose  to  the  little  girl,  his  daughter. 

Note.  —  Review  the  rules  for  cases  as  given  in  the  preceding 
lessons. 

30.  Vocabulary. 

iniuria,  -ae,  f.,  injury.  memoria,  -ae,  f.,  memory. 

luna,  -ae,  f.,  moon.  fera,  -ae,  f.,  wild  beast. 

Iulia,  -ae,  i.,  Julia.  Galba,  -ae,  m.,  Galba. 

Belga,  -ae,  m.,  a  Belgian.  Hispania,  -ae,  f.,  Spain. 

mea,  f.  (poss.  adj.)?  my>  tua,  f.  (poss.  adj.), your. 

sua,  f.  (poss.  adj.),  his,  her,  their.  nova,  f.,  new. 

31.  Exercises  in  Translation. 

I.  i.  Nova  luna  Iuliam,  reginam,  delectat.  2.  Italia, 
mea  patria,  est  pulchra  terra.  3.  Victoria,  filia  poetae,  est 
pulchra  puella.     4.  Quis  vitam  meae  filiae,  Iuliae,  servat? 

5.  Regina    fabulam    agricolae,    incolae    Britanniae,    narrat. 

6.  Suntne   ferae    in    Graecia,    tua    patria?      7.    Agricola, 


APPOSITION  17 

Britanniae  incola,  aquam  bestiis  dat.  8V  Feminae  bonas 
puellas,  filias  meas,  amant.  9.  Amicitia  reginae  laetitiam 
poetis,  incolis  Italiae,  dat.  10.  Memoria  victoriarum 
Galbam  et  Catilinam,  incolas  Romae,  delectat.  11.  Diana 
non  est  dea  Belgarum,  incolarum  Europae.  12.  Agricola 
fabulam  de  pirata,  incola  Hispaniae,  narrat. 

II.  1.  The  Belgian,  a  farmer,  gives  water  to  the  animals. 
2.  The  poet's  daughter  decorates  the  altar  of  the  goddess, 
Minerva.  3.  Galba  is  in  Italy,  a  country  of  Europe.  4.  The 
goddesses  love  the  Belgians,  inhabitants  of  a  country  of 
Europe.  5.  Who  does  not  love  Greece,  his  native  country? 
6.  The  queen  gives  roses  to  the  girls,  the  daughters  of  the 
poet.  7.  Are  there1  wild  beasts  in  Germany,  your  native 
land?  8.  The  sailor  saves  the  life  of  your  daughter,  Julia. 
9.  The  goddess,  Diana,  is  a  good  goddess.  10.  Where 
is  the  little  daughter  of  Catiline,  the  inhabitant  of  Rome? 
11.  The  beautiful  woman  is  the  daughter  of  Julia,  the 
queen.  12.  Does  Catiline  love  the  beautiful  woman,  his 
daughter? 

1  Theret  the  expletive,  is  not  used  in  Latin. 


Ndvis  Longa. 


18 


BEGINNERS'  LATIN  BOOK 


LESSON   XI. 
Verb    Sum. 

32.  In  previous  lessons,  verbs  have  been  used  in  the 
present  tense,  third  person  only,  but  at  this  stage  it  is 
necessary  for  the  student  to  begin  to  acquire  the  complete 
conjugation. 

Review  paragraph  10,  giving  particular  attention  to  the 
use  of  the  tenses. 

33.  Learn  the  present,  imperfect,  future,  and  perfect 
indicative  of  sum. 


Principal  Parts:  sum,  esse,  ful. 
Indicative. 


SINGULAR. 

1.  sum,  I  am, 

2.  es,  thou  art. 

3.  est,  he,  she,  it  is. 


1.  eram,  I  was. 

2.  eras,  thou  wast. 

3.  erat,  he  was. 


1.  er5,  I  shall  be. 

2.  eris,  thou  wilt  be. 

3.  erit,  he  will  be. 


Present. 


Imperfect. 


Future, 


plural. 
sumus,  we  are. 
estis,  you  are. 
sunt,  they  are. 


eramus,  we  were. 
eratis,  you  were. 
erant,  they  were. 


erimus,  we  shall  be. 
eritis,  you  will  be. 
erunt,  they  will  be. 


VERB  SUM  19 

Perfect. 

1.  fui,  I  have  been,  was.  fuimus,  we  have  been,  were. 

2.  fuisti,  thou  hast  been,  wast.      i uistis,  you  have  been,  were. 

3.  fuit,  he  has  been,  was.  fuerunt,  or  j  they  have  been, 

fuere,      J      were. 


34.  Vocabulary. 

Celta,  -ae,  m.,  a  Celt.  fuga,  -ae,  f.,  flight. 

provincia,  -ae,  i.,  province.  rapina,  -ae,  f.,  plundering. 

natura,  -ae,  f.,  nature.  audacia,  -ae,  f.,  boldness. 

Iura,  -ae,  m.,  Mt.Jura.  potentia,  -ae,  f.,  power. 

familia,  -ae,  f.,  family,  household.  in  (prep,  with  ace),  into. 

Genava,  -ae,  f.,  Geneva.  portat,  (he)  carries. 

via,  -ae,  f.,  road.  portant,  (they)  carry. 


35.  Exercises  in  Translation. 

I.  1.  Catilina  erat  in  Italia.  2.  Provincia  Celtarum  est 
in  Gallia.  3.  Fueruntne  ferae  in  silvis  Europae?  4.  Fui- 
mus nautae  Victoriae  reginae.  5.  Agricola  columbam  in 
silvam  portat.  6.  Num  Italia  fuit  patria  Belgarum  ?  7.  Iniu- 
ria  incolarum  erit  causa  pugnae.  8.  Magna  familia  Galbae 
fuit  in  Iura.  9.  Natura  piratarum  est  mala.  10.  Genava 
est  in  Helvetia,  terra  Galliae.  11.  Viae  provinciae  sunt 
longae  et  bonae. 

II.  1.  The  power  and  boldness  of  Diana  please  the  queen. 
2.  The  inhabitants  of  Rome  tell  a  story  about  the  flight  of 
the  Belgians.  3.  Galba  has  been  in  Gaul,  and  he  carries 
money  into  Rome  for  his  family.     4.  The  joy  of  the  women 


20  BEGINNERS'  LATIN  BOOK 

about  the  battle  was  great,  because  the  victory  saves  their 
native  land.  5.  Was  not  the  road  to  Mt.  Jura  long?  6.  A 
beautiful  star  was  in  the  golden  crown  of  the  goddess. 
7.  Does  the  poet  praise  the  boldness  of  the  sailors?  8.  A 
spear  and  an  arrow  will  be  on  the  table.  9.  Was  the 
laziness  of  the  forces  the  cause  of  the  flight?  10.  Cer- 
tainly, laziness  and  pride  have  often  been  the  cause  of  flight. 
11.  Who  gives  money  to  the  bad  farmer,  Galba?  12.  Jus- 
tice delights  the  inhabitants  of  a  country. 


LESSON   XII. 
Second    Declension, 

36.  Nouns  of  the'  second  declension  end  in  us,  um,  er, 
and  ir,  in  the  nominative  singular.  Those  ending  in  us,  er, 
and  ir,  are  masculine ;  those  ending  in,  um  are  neuter. 
Every  neuter  noun  has  the  same  form  for  the  nominative, 
accusative,  and  vocative,  ending  in  um  in  the  singular  and  a 
in  the  plural. 

37.  servus,  a  slave ;  stem,  servo  ;  base,  serv-. 

Singular.  Plural. 

N.  serv-us,  a  slave.  serv-i. 

G.  serv-i,  of  a  slave.  serv-orum. 

D.  serv-6,  to  or  for  a  slave.  serv-is. 

A.  serv-um,  a  slave  (obj.).  serv-6s. 

V.  serv-e,  O  slave.  serv-i. 

A.  serv-6,  with,  by,  from  a  slave.         serv-is. 


SECOND  DECLENSION 


21 


oppidum,  a  town]  stem,  oppido;  base,  oppid-. 

Singular.  Plural. 

N.     oppid-um?  a  town.  oppid-a. 

G.     oppid-i,  of  a  town.  oppid-orum. 

D.     oppid-5,  to  ox  for  a  town.  oppid-is. 

A.     oppid-um,  a  town  (obj.).  oppid-a. 

V.     oppid-um,  0  town.  oppid-a. 
A.     oppid-6,  with,  by,  from  a  town.      oppid-is. 


38. 


Vocabulary. 


bellum,  -I,  n.,  war. 
scutum,  -I,  n.,  shield. 
poculum,  -I,  n.,  cup. 
arma,  -5rum,  n.,  (plu.)  arms. 
templum,  -I,  n.,  temple. 
animus,  -i,  m.,  mind. 
deus,  -X,  m.,  god. 
dominus,  -I,  m.,  master. 
amicus,  -I,  m.,  friend. 
donat,  {he)  presents. 
donant,  (they)  present. 


equus,  -T,  m.,  horse. 
Bacchus,  -I,  m.,  Bacchus. 
Rhenus,  -I,  m.,  Rhine. 
gladius,  -I,  m.,  sword. 
fluvius,  -I,  m.,  river. 
aurum,  -I,  n.,  gold. 
argentum,  -I,  n.,  silver. 
discipulus,  -I,  m.,  pupil. 
filius,  -i?  m.,  son. 
aedificat,  (he)  builds. 
aedificant,  (they)  build. 


39. 


Exercises  in  Translation. 


I.  i.  Roma  est  oppidum  Italiae.  2.  Deae  templa 
Graeciae  laudant.  3.  Equus  est  bestia.  4.  Serve,  ubi  est 
dominus?  5.  Dominus  est  in  bello  et  arma  scutumque 
portat.     6.  Aurum  et  argentum  animum  discipuli  delectant. 

7.  AmicI    Bacchi    dels    et    deabus     templum    aedificant. 

8.  Filius  agricolae  pecuniam  filiae  suae  donat.     9.  Rhenus 


22  BEGINNERS'   LATIN  BOOK 

est  fluvius  terrae  Europae.  10.  Amici  poetae  agricolae 
poculum,  nautae  gladium  dant.  n.  Agricola  equis  aquara 
portat.     12.  Servi  templum  Minervae  ornant. 

II.  i.  Doves  delight  the  sons  and  daughters  of  the 
farmers.  2.  The  inhabitants  of  the  island  praise  Bacchus, 
the  god.  3.  Gold  and  silver  adorn  women  and  girls. 
4.  On  the  banks  of  the  Rhine  are  towns.  5.  The  farmer 
gives  a  horse  to  his  son.  6.  The  women  adorn  the  altars 
of  the  gods  and  goddesses.  7.  O,  farmer,  where  is  your 
son?  8.  The  sailor  loves  silver  and  gold.  9.  Does  not 
the  pirate  love  money?  10.  The  slaves  do  not  praise  the 
pride  of  the  master,  n.  The  good  queen  gives  a  sword 
to  the  pupil  of  the  poet.  12.  Julia  is  the  queen  of  a  large 
country  on  the  Rhine. 


LESSON   XIII. 

Adjectives  of  the  First  and.  the  Second  Declension. 

40.  Adjectives  of  the  first  and  second  declensions  have 
three  terminations  to  mark  the  different  genders  :  bonus, 
masculine  ;  bona,  feminine  ;  bonum,  neuter.  The  masculine 
is  declined  like  servus,  the  feminine  like  nauta,  and  the 
neuter  like  bellum. 

Caution.  —  Adjectives  agree  with  the  nouns  they  modify  in 
gender,  not  necessarily  in  form* 


ADJECTIVES   OF   TWO  DECLENSIONS 


23 


41.  bonus  nauta,  good  sailor. 

Singular.  Plural. 

N.  bonus  nauta.  bonl  nautae. 

G.  boni  nautae.  bonorum  nautarum. 

D.  bono  nautae.  bonis  nautis. 

A.  bonum  nautam.  bonos  nautas. 

V.  bone  nauta.  boni  nautae. 

A.  bono  nauta.  bonis  nautis. 


42. 


Vocabulary. 


praeda,  -ae,  f.,  booty. 
elephantus,  -1,  m.,  elephant. 
populus,  -I,  m.,  people. 
miirus,  -1,  m.,  wall. 
praesidium,  -1,  n.,  defense. 
medicus,  -1,  m.,  physician. 
Sicilia,  -ae,  f.,  Sicily. 
vinum,  -T,  n.,  wine. 
uva,  -ae,  f.,  grape. 
Corinthus,  -1,  f.,  Corinth. 


frumentum,  -1,  n.,  grain, corn* 
cibus,  -1,  m.,  food. 
peritus,  -a,  -um,  skilful.  ] 

Romanus,  -a,  -um,  Roman. 
clarus,  -a,  -um,  illustrious. 
multus,  -a,  -um,  much,  many. 
altus,  -a,  -um,  high. 
validus,  -a,  -um,  strong. 
opulentus,  -a,  -um,  rich. 
modestus,  -a,  -um,  7nodest. 


latus,  -a,  -um,  broad. 

Note.  —  All  adjectives  found  in  the  preceding  lessons  have 
three  terminations. 


43. 


Exercises  in  Translation. 


I.  1.  Alba  columba  est  praeda  aquilae.  2.  Peritus  agri- 
cola  audaciam  bonorum  nautarum  laudat.  3.  Populus 
Romanus  aquilam  Romanam  amant,1  quia  aquila  vlctoriam 
dat.      4.  Roma  est  oppidum  clarum.      5.  Elephant!  sunt 


1  A  noun  of  multitude  requires  the  verb  in  the  plural. 


24  BEGINNERS'   LATIN  BOOK 

bestiae  magnae.  6.  In  Germania  et  Gallia  sunt  fluvii 
magnl  et  lata.  7.  Altl  murl  sunt  praesidium  multorum 
oppidorum.  8.  Agricola  bonus  servos  suos  amat.  9.  Filia 
medici  est  puella  bona  et  modesta.  10.  Oppida  clara  et 
opulenta  erant  in  Sicilia.  11.  Filiae  tuae,  amice,  sunt 
puellae  modestae.      12.  Bacchus  est  deus  vinl  et  uvarum. 

II.  1.  Corinth  is  a  rich  town  of  Greece.  2.  Grain  is 
the  food  of  horses.  3.  The  white  dove  delights  the  little 
girl.  4.  Many  high  walls  are  in  the  town.  5.  Does  the  good 
slave  love  the  great  pride  of  his  master?  6.  He  does  not 
love  the  pride  of  his  master,  the  rich  physician.  7.  The 
grapes  of  Sicily  are  good.  8.  The  strong  horses  of  the 
farmer  carry  much  grain  into  the  town  Corinth.  9.  Victoria 
was  a  good  and  famous  queen  of  Britain.  10.  A  large 
elephant  was  the  guard  of  a  town  in  Greece,  n.  What  is 
the  booty  of  the  queen's  good  sailors?  12.  The  large  gift 
delights  the  good  daughter  of  the  illustrious  poet. 


Eques. 


SECOND  DECLENSION  2$ 

LESSON   XIV. 
Second   Declension  {Continued). 

44.  The  case  terminations  of  nouns  in  er  and  ir  are  the 
same  as  those  of  nouns  ending  in  us.  Most  nouns  and 
adjectives  in  er  of  the  second  declension  are  declined  like 
ager ;  that  is,  they  drop  the  e  of  the  nominative. 

Nouns  in  ius  and  ium  may  contract  the  genitive  ending 
ii  to  I :  consilium,  gen.  consili,  advice,  plan.  Fllius,  son, 
and  proper  names  in  ius  contract  ie  in  the  vocative  to  i : 
fili ;  Mercun,  Mercury.  But  the  place  of  the  accent  is  not 
changed. 

45.  puer,  m.,  boy;  stem,  puero  ;  base,  puer-. 
ager,  m.,  field;  stem,  agro  ;  base,  agr-. 
vir,  m.,  man;  stem,  viro  ;  base,  vir-. 

Singular.  Plural.  Singular.  Plural.  Singular.  Plural. 

N.  puer  puer-i  ager        agr-i  vir  vir-i 

G.  puer-i  puer-orum  agr-i        agr-orum  vir-I  vir-orum 

D.  puer-o  puer-is  agr-6       agr-is  vir-o  vir-Is 

A.  puer-um  puer-6s         agr-um  agr-6s  vir-um  vir-os 

V.  puer  puer-I  ager        agr-I  vir  vir-i 

A.  puer-6  puer-Is  agr-o       agr-is  vir-5  vir-Is 

46.  Vocabulary. 

Mercurius,  -T,  m.,  Mercury.  herba,  -ae,  f.,  herb,  plant. 

nuntius,  -I,  m.,  messenger.  hortus,  -I,  m.,  garden. 

castrum,  -I,  n.,  tent.  sapientia,  -ae,  f.,  wisdom. 

castra,  -orum,  n.  (plu.),  camp.  Romanus,  -I,  m.,  a  Roman. 


26  BEGINNERS'   LATIN  BOOK 

magister,-tri?m., master, teacher,  benignus,  -a,  -urn,  kind. 
diligentia,  -ae,  f.,  diligence.  copiae,-arUm,f.(plu.),yWr£.y. 

gaudium,  -i?  n.,joy.  statua,  -ae,  f.,  statue. 

donum,  -I,  n.,  gift. 


47.  Exercises  in  Translation. 

I.  i.  Mercurius  est  nuntius  deorum-.  2.  Boni  viri  sunt 
praesidium  patriae.  3.  Castra  Romanorum  in  ripa  fluvii 
erant.  4.  Fossae  longae  sunt  praesidium  castrorum.  5.  Do- 
num reginae  bonae  puerum  modestum  delectat.  6.  Dili- 
gentia  discipulorum  magistro  gaudium  dat.  7.  In  agris 
est  frumentum ;  in  silvis  et  hortis  herbae  sunt.  8.  Sapien- 
tia  peritorum  medicorum  vltam  benignae  reginae  servat. 
9.  Peritus  magister  fabulam  parvis  pueris  et  bonis  puellls 
narrat.  10.  Altus  vir  diligentiam  fill  laudat.  it.  Copiae 
Romanorum  saepe  in  periculo  erant.  12.  In  templls  statuae 
deorum  et  dearum  sunt. 

II.  1.  Famous  poets  were  in  Italy  and  Greece.  2.  The 
inhabitants  adorn  the  new  temple  of  Bacchus.     3.  On  the 

I  bank  of  the  river  is  an  altar  of  Diana.  4.  The  poets  love 
and  praise  the  native  country  of  the  good  men.  5.  The 
fields  of  the  kind  farmer  are  in  Italy.  6.  The  master  gives 
arms  to  the  son  of  the  good  man.  7.  The  wisdom  of  the  good 
boys  was  great.  8.  Famous  and  rich  towns  were  in  Sicily. 
9.  In  the  fields  are  wide  ditches.  10.  The  poet  tells  a 
story  to  the  boy.  11.  O  son,  where  is  the  temple  of 
Bacchus,  the  god  of  wine?  12.  The  poet  tells  the  kind 
queen  the  story  of  Mercury. 


ADJECTIVES   OF  TWO  DECLENSIONS 


27 


LESSON   XV. 
Adjectives  of  the  First  and  Second  Declensions 

(  Continued} . 

48.   Adjectives  of  the  first  and  the  second  declension  with 
the  masculine  ending  in  er  are  declined  as  follows  :  — 


miser,  wretched,  poor. 

Singular. 

M. 

F. 

N. 

N. 

miser 

misera 

miserum 

G. 

miseri 

miserae 

miseri 

D. 

miserd 

miserae 

miserd 

A. 

miserum 

miseram 

miserum 

V. 

miser 

misera 

miserum 

A. 

miserd 

misera 

Plural. 

miserd 

M. 

F. 

N. 

N. 

miseri 

miserae 

misera 

G. 

miserorum 

miserarum 

miserorum 

D. 

miseris 

miseris 

miseris 

A. 

miseros 

miseras 

misera 

V. 

miseri 

miserae 

misera 

A. 

miseris 

miseris 

miseris 

aeger,  aegra,  aegrum,  sick   (dropping  e  of  the  nominative 
masculine) . 


49. 

piger,  -gra,  -grum,  lazy. 
pulcher,  -chra,  -chrum, 

beautiful. 


Vocabulary. 


creber,  -bra,  -brum,  numer- 
ous, frequent. 
liber,  -era,  -erum,  free. 


28  BEGINNERS'   LATIN  BOOK 

tener,  -era,  -erum,  tender.  Africa,  -ae,  f.,  Africa. 

sacer,  -era,  -erum,  holy.  liber,  -bri,  m.,  book. 

semper  (adv.),  always.  Graecus,  -i,  m.,  a  Greek. 

dexter,  -tra,  -trum,  right.  Vergilius,  -1,  m.,  Vergil. 

sinister,  -tra,  -trum,  left.  liberi,  -orum,  m.,  children  of 

niger,  -gra,  -grum,  black.  free  parents. 

circum,    prep,    (with   ace),  puerl, -orum,  m.,  general  term 

around.  for  children. 

50.  Exercises  in   Translation. 

I.  i.  Piger  puer  est  non  semper  malus.  2.  Incolae 
Africae  sunt  nigri.  3.  Magister  multos  et  pulchros  libros 
suls  discipulis  dat.  4.  Crebrae  pugnae  in  silva  erant. 
5.  Graeci  et  Roman!  fuerunt  popull  liberi.  6.  Cornelia, 
pulchra  regina,  teneros  llberos  clari  poetae  amat.  7.  Libros 
Vergil!  in  sacrum  templum  Mercuri  portant.  8.  In  dextra 
ripa  sunt  oppida ;  in  sinistra  sunt  agri.  9.  Dominus  serv5 
misero  longum  gladium  dat.  10.  Liberi  incolae  altos 
muros  circum  oppidum  aedificant. 

II.  1.  Mercury  was  a  god  holy  to  Greeks  and  Romans. 
2.  The  friends  of  Galba  give  a  book  to  the  beautiful  daugh- 
ter of  the  farmer.  3.  Where  are  the  modest  children  of  the 
poet,  the  friend  of  the  queen  ?  4.  They  are  on  the  bank  of 
the  river.  5.  Vergil  tells  numerous  stories  about  the  gods 
and  goddesses.  6.  Books  delight  the  good  pupils.  7.  Are 
the  black  men  in  Africa  free?  8.  Many  are  free  men,  but 
many  are  slaves.  9.  The  queen  is  kind  to  the  sick  men  of 
the  island.  10.  Vergil  was  not  a  lazy  farmer,  but  he  was  a 
great  poet. 


REVIEW  IN   VOCABULARY 


29 


LESSON    XVI. 
Review   in   Vocabulary. 

51.  It  will  be  found  to  be  of  great  advantage  for  the 
student  to  review,  at  this  time,  the  vocabularies  in  the  pre- 
ceding lessons. 

The  following  list  which  contains  these  words  should  be 
studied  with  great  care ;  the  English  equivalents  should  be 
learned,  and  the  spelling  and  the  quantity  of  vowels  should 
be  mastered. 


52. 

Word  List. 

aedificat 

audacia 

clarus 

donat 

aeger 

aurea 

columba 

donum 

Africa 

aurum 

copiae 

elephantus 

ager 

Bacchus 

Corinthus 

epistula 

agricola 

Belga 

corona 

equus 

alba 

beilum 

creber 

eramus 

altus 

benlgnus 

cur 

erit 

amat 

bestia 

dat 

est 

am  ant 

bona 

de 

estis 

amlcitia 

Britannia 

dea 

et 

amicus 

castra 

delectat 

Europa 

animus 

castrum 

delectant 

fabula 

aqua 

Catilina 

deus 

familia 

aquila 

causa 

dexter 

femina 

ara 

Celta 

Diana 

fera 

argentum 

certe 

dlligentia 

fllia 

arma 

cibus 

discipulus 

fllius 

Asia 

circum 

dominus 

fluvius 

30 


BEGINNERS'  LATIN  BOOK 


fossa 

laudant 

parva 

sacer 

frumentum 

liber 

patria 

saepe 

fuga 

liber 

pecunia 

sagitta 

fuistl 

longa 

perltus 

sapientia 

Galba 

luna 

piger 

scutum 

Gallia 

magister 

pirata 

sed 

gallina 

magna 

poculum 

semper 

gaudium 

mala 

poeta 

servat 

Genava 

mea 

populus 

servus 

Germania 

medicus 

portat 

Sicilia 

gladius 

memoria 

potentia 

silva 

gloria 

mensa 

praeda 

sinister 

Graecia 

Mercurius 

praesidium 

statua 

Graecus 

Minerva 

provincia 

stella 

gratia 

miser 

puella 

sua 

hasta 

modestus 

puer 

sum 

herba 

multus 

pueri 

sunt 

Hispania 

murus 

llberi 

suum 

hortus 

narrat 

pugna 

templum 

ignavia 

natura 

pulcher 

tener 

in 

nauta 

pulchra 

terra 

incola 

niger 

quia 

tua 

industria 

non 

quid 

ubi 

insula 

nonne 

quis 

uva 

iniuria 

nova 

raplna 

validus 

Ira 

num 

reglna 

via 

Italia 

nuntius 

Rhenus 

victoria 

Iulia 

oppidum 

rlpa 

vlnum 

Iiira 

opulentus 

Roma 

vir 

iustitia 

ornat 

Romanus 

Vergilius 

laetitia 

parat 

rosa 

vita 

laudat 

THE  FIRST  CONJUGATION  3 1 

LESSON  XVII. 
The    First    Conjugation. 

53.  The  Latin  verb  is  regularly  inflected  through  four 
conjugations,  distinguished  by  the  vowel  preceding  the  ending 
-re  of  the  present  infinitive  active  ;  a  in  the  first  conjugation, 
e  in  the  second,  e  in  the  third,  and  1  in  the  fourth. 

Examples.  —  amare,  to  love ;  monere,  to  advise  ;  regSre,  to 
rule ;  audire,  to  hear. 

Note.  —  Let  paragraph  10  be  thoroughly  reviewed,, 

54.  Learn  the  indicative  active  of  amare. 

Principal  parts  :  amo,  amare,  amavi,  amatus. 

Indicative  Active. 

Present, 
singular.  plural. 

1 .  amo,  /  love.  amamus,  we  love. 

2.  amas,  thou  lovest.  amatis,  you  love. 

3.  am  at,  he,  she,  it  loves.  amant,  they  love. 

Imperfect. 

1.  amabam,  I  was  loving.  amabamus,  we  were  loving, 

2.  amabas,  thou  wast  loving.         amabatis,  you  were  loving. 

3.  amabat,  he,  she,  it  was  lov-      amabant,  they  were  loving. 

ing. 

Future. 

1.  amabo,  I  shall  love.  amabimus,  we  shall  love. 

2.  amabis,  thou  wilt  love.  amabitis,  you  will  love. 

3.  amabit,  he  will  love,  amabunt,  they  will  love. 


32  BEGINNERS'   LATIN  BOOK 

Perfect, 
singular.  plural. 

1 .  amavl,  /  loved,  have  loved.       amavimus,  we  loved. 

2.  amavistl,  thou  lovedst,  hast      amavistis,  you  loved. 

loved. 

3.  amavit,  he  loved,  has  loved.       amaverunt,  )    ,       ,        , 

amavere,      }     eJ    ove  ' 

Pluperfect. 

1 .  amaveram,  /  had  loved.  amaveramus,  we  had  loved. 

2.  amaveras,  thou  hadst  loved.       amaveratis,  you  had  loved. 

3.  amaverat,  he  had  loved.  amaverant,  they  had  loved. 

Future  Perfect. 

1.  amavero,     /    shall     have      amaverimus,   we  shall    have 

loved.  loved. 

2.  amaveris,  thou   wilt  have      amaveritis,    you     will    have 

loved.  loved. 

3.  amaverit,     he    will    have      amaverint,    they     will    have 

loved.  loved. 

55.  Vocabulary. 

aedifico,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  to  narro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  to  tell. 

build.  orno,    -are,    -avi,     -atus,    to 

do,  dare,  dedi,  datus,  to  give.  decorate. 

delecto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  to  porto,    -are,    -avi,    -atus,    to 

delight.  carry. 

dono,    -are,    -avi,    -atus,    to  paro,    -are,    -avi,    -atus,    to 

present.                      •  prepare. 

laudo,    -are,    -avi,    -atus,    to  servo,    -are,    -avi,    -atus,    to 

praise.  save. 

Note. — The  principal  parts  of  every  verb  must  be  learned 
carefully.     Observe  the  irregularities  of  the  verb    do. 


THE  FIRST  CONJUGATION  33 

56.  Exercises  in   Translation, 

I.  1.  Incolae  templum  aedificant.  2.  Liberl  medic! 
fabulam  poetae  laudabunt.  3.  Pulchrae  herbae  in  horto 
agricolae  fuerunt.  4.  EquI  nigri  in  oppidum  frumentum 
portabant.  5.  Industria  servorum  Galbam,  dominum,  de- 
lectavit.  6.  Benigna  regina  aegrfs  nautis  pecuniam  dona- 
verat.  7.  Nonne  f Ilia  magistri  galllnam  agricolae  dedit? 
8.  Amicitiam,  iustitiam,  sapientiam  amamus.  9.  GraecT, 
laudavistisne  Dianam? 

II.  1.  The  industry  and  the  diligence  of  the  pupils 
delighted  the  teacher.  2.  The  poets  will  tell  stories  about 
the  great  river  Rhine.     3.  The  war  in  Germany  was  long. 

4.  On  the  right  bank  of  the  river  they  had  built  a  town  ; 
and  on  the  left  bank  they  were  building  a  temple  to  Mercury. 

5.  I  will  carry  gold  and  silver  into   the  temple  of  Diana. 

6.  Many1  good  men  have  loved  Italy,  their  native  country. 

7.  The  kind  man  was  giving  roses  to  the  poor,  sick  children 
of  the  slaves.  8.  Beautiful  horses  delight  the  rich  man,  my 
friend.  9.  The  friendship  of  the  modest  girls  delights  the 
children  of  Cornelia.  10.  The  water  saved  the  life  of  the 
Greek. 

1  many  and  good. 


34  BEGINNERS'   LATIN  BOOK 

LESSON  XVIII. 
The  Verb    Sum   (Continued). 

57.    Learn  the  pluperfect  and  the  future  perfect  indicative 
of  sum. 

Pluperfect. 

singular.  plural. 

1 .  fuer am,  /  had  been.  fueramus,  we  had  been. 

2.  fueras,  thou  hadst  been.  f ueratis,  you  had  been. 

3.  fuerat,  he  had  been.  fuerant,  they  had  been. 

Future  Perfect. 

1.  fuero,  I  shall  have  been.  fuerimus,  we  shall  have  been. 

2.  fueris,  thou  wilt  have  been.      fueritis,  you  will  have  been. 

3.  fuerit,  he  will  have  been.  fuerint,  they  will  have  been. 


58.  Vocabulary. 

morbus,  -1,  m.,  disease.  vallum,  -1,  n.,  fortification. 

Persa,  -ae,  m.,  a  Persian.  aedificium,  -I,  n.,  building. 

irisidiae,-arum,f.(plu.),^;//^//^.  defessus,  -a,  -urn,  tired. 

dolus,  -1,  m.,  trickery.  gratus,  -a,  -um,  pleasing. 

Grallus,  -1,  m.,  a  Gaul.  purus,  -a,  -um,  pure. 

Germanus,  -1,  m.,  a  Ger?nan.  iustus,  -a,  -urn,  just. 

Poenus,-i,m.,tf  Carthaginian.  historia,  -ae,  f.,  history. 

occupo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  to  fugo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  to  put 

seize.  to  flight. 

pugno,   -are,   -avi,    -atus,   to  vasto,  -are,  -avi,  -Stus,  to  lay 

fight.  waste. 

nunc  (adv.),  now.  cum  (prep,  with  abl.),  with. 


THE    VERB  SUM  35 

59.  Exercises  in  Translation. 

I.  1.  Dolus  Persarum  incolis  Graeciae  insidias  parat. 
2.  Vent!  pueris  morbos  saepe  portant.  3.  Fossa  et  vallum 
sunt  praesidium  castrorum.  4.  Multa  aedificia  oppidT  fuerunt 
magna  et  alta.  5.  Aqua  pura  fluvii  erit  grata  defessis  bestirs. 
6.  Bella  Romanorum  non  semper  iusta  fuerant.  7.  Graeci  et 
Roman!  fuerunt  populi  llberi.  8.  Arma  Gallorum  et  Germa- 
norum  erant  gladil  et  hastae  et  scuta.  9.  Roman!  cum 
Poenis  pugnavere.  10.  Roman!  Galliam  occupaverunt  et 
Gallorum  agros  vastaverunt. 

II.  1.  Galba,  the  sailor,  put  the  pirates  to  flight.  2.  I 
have  told  the  history  of  the  Greeks  to  the  good  boys.  3.  You 
have  given  much  money  to  the  daughter  of  the  poet. 
4.  Sicily  and  Britain  are  islands.  5.  You  were  a  sailor, 
now  you  are  a  farmer.  6.  The  Rhine  is  a  beautiful  river  of 
Germany.  7.  The  pirates  have  seized  many  islands  and 
many  towns  of  the  Gauls.  8.  The  inhabitants  of  the  island 
were  poor  slaves.  9.  The  victory  of  the  forces  was  the 
cause  of  great  joy.  10.  We  were  praising  the  troops  of 
the  Germans. 


Tubae. 


36 


BEGINNERS'   LATIN  BOOK 


LESSON    XIX. 
The    Demonstratives. 

60.    The  demonstratives  hie  and  ille  are  used  as  pronouns 

and  as  adjectives. 

hie,  this. 


Singular. 

Plural. 

M. 

F. 

N. 

M. 

F. 

N. 

N. 

hie 

haec 

hoc 

hi 

hae 

haec 

G. 

huius 

huius 

huius 

horum 

harum 

horum 

D. 

huic 

huic 

huic 

his 

his 

his 

A. 

hunc 

hanc 

hoc 

hos 

has 

haec 

Ac 

hoc 

hac 

hoc 

ille, 

his 

that. 

his 

his 

N. 

ille 

ilia 

illud 

ill! 

illae 

ilia 

G. 

illius 

illius 

illius 

illorum 

illarum 

illorum 

D. 

ill! 

ill! 

illi 

illis 

illis 

illis 

A. 

ilium 

illam 

illud 

illos 

illas 

ilia 

A. 

illo 

ilia 

illo 

illis 

illis 

illis 

Notes.  —  a.  hie  is  applied  to  what  is  near  the  speaker  in 
place,  time,  or  thought,  and  hence  may  be  called  the  demon- 
strative of  the  first  person :  haec  puella,  this  girl.    . 

b.  ille  is  applied  to  what  is  relatively  remote  from  the  speaker 
in  place,  time,  or  thought,  and  hence  may  be  called  the  demonstra- 
tive of  the  third  person :  ilia  femina,  that  woman. 

c.  ille,  agreeing  with  a  noun  and  commonly  placed  after  it, 
sometimes  means  that  well  known,  that  famoiis. 

d.  hie  and  ille  are  sometimes  used  without  a  noun,  in  con- 
trast :  hie,  the  litter ;  ille,  the  former. 

e.  The  forms  of  hie  and  ille  sometimes  mean  he,  she,  it. 


THE  DEMONSTRATIVES  37 

61.  Vocabulary. 

Cincinnatus, -i,m.,  Cincinnatus.  laetus,  -a,  -um,  glad. 

vlclnus,  -1,  m.,  neighbor.  maestus,  -a,  -um,  sad. 

oppidanus,  -1,  m.,  townsman.  Hbero,    -are,   -avi,    -atus,   to 

aro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  to  plow.  free. 

voc5,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  to  call.  celebro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  to 

armo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  to  arm.  celebrate. 

turn  (adv.),  then,  pro  (prep,  with  abl.),  for. 

tutus,  -a,  -um,  safe.  mox  (adv.),  soon. 

62.  Exercises  in  Translation. 

I.  1.  HI  viri  sunt  Roman! ;  ill!,  German!.  2.  Fluvii  et  muri 
et  fossae  sunt  praesidium  horum  castrorum  magnorum. 
3.  Cincinnatus  et  Vergilius  fuerunt  clari  Roman! ;  ille  fuit 
agricola,  hie  fuit  poeta.  4.  Persae  pro  patria  pugnaverunt 
et  oppida  v!c!norum  vastaverunt.  5.  Hoc  aedificium  est 
templum  Mercur! ;  h!c  est  nuntius  deorum  sacrorum. 
6.  Incolae  huius  msulae  illos  piratas  fugaverunt.  7.  Fllia 
regmae  hos  pueros  et  illas  puellas  laudabit.  8.  Illud  donum 
est  pulchrum.  9.  Cincinnatus,  agricola,  agros  aravit,  turn 
in  multis  pugms  pro  patria  pugnavit.  10.  Poetae  multas 
fabulas  de  bellls  Poenorum  et  Romanorum  narraverunt. 

II.  1.  Now  we  are  boys;  soon  we  shall  be  men.  2.  The 
townsmen  will  call  the  farmers  into  the  town  where  they 
will  be  safe.  3.  The  joy  of  the  men  was  great,  and  they 
celebrated  the  victory  of  the  Roman  forces  in  Britain.  4.  I 
told  this  story  to  the  daughter  of  that  woman.  5.  The  girl 
will  not  be  sad,  but  she  will  be  glad.      6.  Cornelia  and 


38 


BEGINNERS'   LATIN  BOOK 


Victoria  are  good  girls ;  to  the  former  we  will  give  beautiful 
books ;  to  the  latter,  white  roses.  7.  These  arms  have 
freed  the  wretched  slaves.  8.  Britain  is  a  small  and  famous 
island.  9.  The  Romans  armed  great  forces  in  Sicily. 
10.  The  teacher  told  the  history  of  the  Roman  people  to 
these  pupils. 


LESSON   XX. 


The    Demonstrative   is. 


63. 


is,  that,  this;  also  he,  she,  it. 


Singular. 

Plural. 

M. 

F. 

N. 

M. 

F. 

N. 

N. 

is 

ea 

id 

el,  ii 

eae 

ea 

G. 

Sius 

eius 

eius 

eorum 

earum 

eorum 

D. 

ei 

ei 

ei 

eis,  iis 

els,  iis 

eis,  iis 

A. 

eum 

earn 

id 

eos 

eas 

ea 

A. 

eo 

ea 

eo 

eis,  iis 

els,  iis 

eis,  iis 

Notes.  —  a.  is  -as  a  demonstrative  adjective  is  an  unemphatic 
that  or  this.  On  the  one  hand  it  approaches  ille,  on  the  other, 
but  less  nearly,  hie. 

b.  As  a  pronoun  is  means  he,  sht,  it.  eius  may  be  translated 
in  two  ways  :  of  him,  her,  it,  or  his,  her,  its ;  eorum,  earum, 
eorum  may  be  translated :  of  the?n,  or  their. 


64.  Vocabulary. 

Homer  us,  -I,  m.,  Homer* 
somnus,  -I,  m.,  sleep. 


idoneus,  -a,  -um,  statable. 
gratus,  -a,  -um,  pleasing. 


THE  DEMONSTRATIVE  IS  39 

castlgo,  -are,  -avl,  -atus,  to  contentus,  -a,  -um,  con- 
chastise,  tented. 

supero,   -are,  -avi,  -atus,  /#  ex    or    e    (prep,   with    abl.), 

defeat,  to  overcome.  out  of. 

locus,  -T,  m.,  place.  reporto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  to 

fidus,  -a,  -um,  faithful.  bring  back,  to  gain. 


65.  Exercises  in  Translation. 

I.  1.  Vir  filium  suum  amat  et  eum  castigat.  2.  Romani 
multas  et  magnas  victorias  ex  Gallia  et  Britannia  reporta- 
verunt.  3.  Vergilius  et  Homerus  fuerunt  clari  poetae ;  ille 
fuit  Romanus,  hie,  Graecus.  4.  Eos  nautas  amamus,  sed 
il  piratae  sunt  mall.  5.  Eas  puellas  vocabimus,  et  els 
fabulam  de  deabus  Minerva  et  Diana  narrabimus.  6.  Ubi 
illam  praedam  ii  viri  reportaverunt  ?  7.  Is  contentus  vir 
amicis  eius  est  gratus.  8.  Feminae  deos  laudant,  nam  els 
benign!  sunt.  9.  Is  locus  castris  idoneus  erat.  10.  Vir 
filium  suum  vocavit  et  pecuniam  dedit,  quia  eius  audaciam 
amavit. 

II.  1.  The  farmer  is  sick  and  tired;  sleep  in  the  garden 
will  be  pleasing  to  him.  2.  What  did  the  Romans  gain 
in  the  great  war  with  these  sturdy  Germans  ?  3.  Water 
is  pleasing  to  this  tired  messenger ;  wine  is  pleasing  to 
that  lazy  farmer.  4.  These  boys  and  girls  are  faithful  pupils, 
and  we  will  love  and  praise  them.  5.  His  friend  will  give 
a  book  to  the  daughter  of  that  poet.  6.  Peace  de- 
lights these  farmers  and  those  townsmen.  7.  The  gods 
give  good  gifts  to  the  men  and  chastise  them.     8.  These 


40 


BEGINNERS'   LATIN  BOOK 


skilful  sailors  will  defeat  the  pirates  and  put  them  to  flight. 
9.  Where  are  these  sons  of  that  famous  poet  now?  They 
are  in  Rome.  10.  Rome  is  a  large  town  and  is  a  suitable 
place  for  them. 


LESSON  XXI. 


The   Relative    and   the    Interrogative. 


66.   The  relative,  qui,  quae,  quod,  who,  which. 


Singular. 

M. 

F. 

N. 

N. 

qui 

quae 

quod 

G. 

cuius 

cuius 

cuius 

D. 

CUl 

CUl 

CUl 

A. 

quern 

quam 

quod 

A.     quo 


qua 


quo 


Plural. 

M.  F. 

qui  quae 

quorum  quarum     quorum 

quibus  quibus        quibus 

quos  quas 

quibus  quibus 


N. 
quae 


quae 
quibus 


The  interrogative,  quis,  quae,  quid,  who,  what,  which. 
Singular. 

M.  F.  N.^ 

N.     quis         quae  quid 

G.     cuius      cuius  cuius 

D.     cui  cui  cui 

A.      quern      quam  quid 

A.      quo         qua  qu5 

Notes. — a.    The  meanings  cannot  be  tabulated  with  refer- 
ence to  gender. 


Plural. 

M. 

F. 

N. 

qui 

quae 

quae 

quorum 

quarum 

quorum 

quibus 

quibus 

quibus 

quos 

quas 

quae 

quibus 

quibus 

quibus 

THE  RELATIVE  AND  THE  INTERROGATIVE       4 1 

b.  Both  the  relative  and  the  interrogative  are  used  as  pro- 
nouns and  adjectives.  But  quod  is  always  used  in  place  of 
quid  as  an  interrogative  adjective,  and  generally  qui  in  place  of 
quis. 

Rule.  —  A  relative  agrees  with  its  antecedent  in  gender, 
person,  and  number. 

Caution.  —  The  case  of  a  relative,  as  that  of  any  other  sub- 
stantive, depends  upon  its  use  in  a  clause  and  not  upon  the  case 
of  the  antecedent. 

67.  Vocabulary. 

Romulus,  -I,  m.,  Romulus.  attentus,  -a,  -um,  attentive. 

fortuna,  -ae,  f.,  fortune.  probus,     -a,     -um,     upright, 

cena,  -ae,  f.,  meal.  honest. 

beatus,  -a,  -um,  happy.  vulnero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  to 

pugno,   -are,   -avi,   -atus,   to  wound. 

fight.  iuvo,    -are,    iuvi,    iutus,    to 

expugno,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  to  help. 

take  by  storm.  vitupero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  to 

oppugno,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  to  blame. 

neco,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  to  kill. 


68.  Exercises  in  Translation. 

I.  1.  Beat!  sunt  11,  qui  content!  sunt.  2.  Cincinnatus 
iis  inimlcis,  quos  in  proelio  vulneravit,  vitam  donavit, 
3.  Pulchrum  fuit  templum  Minervae,  quod  clarus  vir  aedi- 
ficaverat.  4.  Bona  est  fortuna  eorum,  quorum  pueri  sunt 
iusti  et  probi.  5.  Regina  poetam,  Vergilium,  qui  populo 
est  gratus,  laudat.  6.  Bonae  puellae  servos,  quibus  viri 
pecuniam  dederunt,  iuvabunt,      7.    Discipulus,  quern  ma- 


42 


BEGINNERS'   LATIN  BOOK 


gister  vituperavit,  non  attentus  fuerat.  8.  Quis  oppidum, 
Romam,  aedificavit?  Romulus  fuit  vir  ille.  9.  Cui  libros 
tuos  donavistl,  amice?  Filio  mei  servi.  10.  Quod  fru- 
mentum  est  cibus  equorum? 

II.  1.  We  praise  those  whose  wisdom  saved  their  native 
country.  2.  The  inhabitants  of  the  town  which  we  besieged 
were  Romans.  3.  The  farmer  praised  the  woman  who  pre- 
pared a  meal  for  him.  4.  The  camp  in  which  the  Greeks 
were,  was  safe.  5.  What  peoples  of  Europe  were  free? 
6.  What  man  did  those  pirates  kill?  7.  What  did  the 
teacher  tell  the  boys?  8.  He  told  them  a  story  about 
Romulus,  who  built  Rome.  9.  In  company  with  whom1 
shall  we  decorate  the  altars  of  the  goddesses?  10.  The 
girls  who  carry  roses  will  help  them. 

1  cum  is  used  as  an  enclitic  with  the  relative. 


Pons  a  Caesar e  in  Rheno  f actus. 


THE  PASSIVE    VOICE  43 

LESSON  XXII. 

The    Passive   Voice. 

69.   Transitive  verbs  of  the  first  conjugation  are  inflected 
in  the  passive  voice  :  — 

amare,  to  love. 

Indicative  Passive. 

Present, 
singular.  plural. 

I .    amor,  /  am  loved.  amamur,  we  are  loved. 

( amaris,  1 
2.\  \  thou  art  loved.  amamini,  you  are  loved. 

i  amare,   J 

3.    amatur,  he  is  loved.  amantur,  they  are  loved. 

Imperfect. 
1 .    amabar,  /  was  loved.  amabamur,  we  were  loved. 

amabar  is,  ]  thou  wast 


2.  L  amabaminl,  you  were  loved. 
amabare,   J       loved. 

3.  amabatur,  he  was  loved.  amabantur,  they  were  loved. 

Future. 

1 .  amabor,  /  shall  be  loved.  amabimur,  we  shall  be  loved. 

2.  amaberis,   thou   wilt   be  amabimini,  you  will  be  loved. 

loved. 

3 .  amabitur,  he  will  be  loved.       amabuntur,  they  will  be  loved. 

Perfect, 
singular. 


1.  1 

2 

3 


sum,  /  have  been  (was)  loved. 
amatus,  -a,  -um  I  es,  thou  hast  been  (wast)  loved. 
est,  he  has  been  (was)  loved. 


44 


BEGINNERS'  LATIN  BOOK 


amati,  -ae,  -a 


PLURAL. 

sumus,  we  were  loved. 
estis,  yoti  were  loved. 
sunt,  they  were  loved. 


Pluperfect, 
singular. 

(eram,  /  had  been  loved. 
eras,  thou  hadst  been  loved. 
erat,  he  had  been  loved. 

PLURAL. 

r  eramus,  we  had  been  loved. 
amati,  -ae,  -a        I  eratis,  you  had  been  loved. 
[  erant,  they  had  been  loved. 

Future  Perfect, 
singular. 

(ero,  /  shall  have  been  loved. 
eris,  thou  wilt  have  been  loved. 
erit,  he  will  have  bee?i  loved. 


amati,  -ae,  -a 


PLURAL. 

erimus,  we  shall  have  been  loved. 
eritis,  you  will  have  been  loved. 
erunt,  they  will  have  been  loved. 


70.  Rule.  —  The  voluntary  agent  of  an  action  is  ex- 
pressed by  a  or  ab  with  the  ablative  case. 

Notes.  —  a.    Review  paragraph  10. 

b.  ab  is  used  before  vowels  or  h  ;  a  or  ab,  before  consonants. 

c.  Observe  the  changes  in  changing  the  active  into  the  passive. 
The  object  of  the  active  becomes  the  subject  of  the  passive  ;  the 
subject  (that  is,  the  voluntary  agent)  of  the  active  is  expressed 
with  the  passive  by  the  ablative  with  a  or  ab. 


THE  PASSIVE  VOICE  45 

71.  Vocabulary. 

proelium,  -I,  n.,  battle.  superbus,  -a,  -um,  proud. 

matrona,  -ae,  f.,  lady.  postea  (adv.),  afterwards. 

ancilla,  -ae,  f.,  maidservant.  si  (conj.),  if. 

apud  (prep,  with  ace),  among.  a  or  ab  (prep,  with  abl.),  by. 

habito,   -are,    -avi,   -atus,  to  educo,    -are,    -avi,    -atus,   to 
live,  to  inhabit.  educate. 

72.  Exercises  in   Translation. 

I.  i.  Graecl  Homerum,  poetam,  qui  in  Graecia  habi- 
tavit,  amaverunt.  2.  Homerus,  poeta,  qui  in  Graecia  habi- 
tavit,  a  Graecis  amatus  est.  3.  Bonus  vir  pecuniam  miseris 
pueris  servorum  suorum  dabit.  4.  Pecunia  et  cibus  miseris 
pueris  a  viris  bonis  dabuntur.  5.  Ubi  poeta  fabulam  de 
pugna  narravit?  6.  In  quo  oppido  fabula  de  proelio  a 
Vergilio,  poeta,  narrata  est  ?  7.  Hoc  templum  a  Graecis  non 
aedificatum  est,  sed  Roman!  id  aedificaverunt.  8.'  In  illo 
proelio  multi  et  bom  virl  vulnerati  sunt,  et  multi  necati  sunt. 
9.  A  quibus  illl  virl  necati  sunt?  A  Germanis.  10.  Pro- 
vinciae  Galliae  a  copils  Romanorum  occupatae  sunt. 

II.  1.  The  fields  were  plowed  by  Cincinnatus,  who  after- 
wards fought  in  many  battles.  2.  The  proud  lady  chastised 
the  lazy  maidservants.  3.  Who  was  chastised  by  the 
master  ?  The  slave.  4.  Have  you  won  the  victory,  Ro- 
mans, in  the  battle  with  the  Belgians?  5.  Certainly,  we 
have  put  them  to  flight,  and  have  seized  their  towns. 
6.  Among  the  Romans,  children  were  educated  by  the 
slaves.  7.  The  territories  of  the  Gauls  were  often  devastated 
by  the  Romans.  8.  You  will  be  loved  by  good  men  if  you 
are  always  upright. 


46  BEGINNERS'  LATIN  BOOK 

LESSON   XXIII. 
Ablatives   of  Means  or  Instrument  and  Manner. 

73.  Rules.  —  a.  The  ablative  is  used  without  a  prepo- 
sition to  denote  the  means  or  instrument  of  an  action, 

b.  The  manner  of  an  action  is  denoted  by  the  ablative 
with  cum \  but  cum  may  be  omitted  if  an  adjective  is  used 
with  the  noun. 

Examples  :  — 

a,  Ager  aratro  ab  agricola  aratus  est. 

The  field  was  plowed  with  a  plow  by  the  farmer, 

b,  Agricola  agrum  magna  cum  cura  arat. 

The  farmer  plows  the  field  with  great  care. 

Notes.  —  a.  As  in  "  magna  cum  cura  "  in  example  b  above, 
the  Latin  order  is  adjective,  preposition,  noun,  instead  of  prepo- 
sition, adjective,  noun,  as  in  English. 

b.  An  English  adverb  is  often  the  equivalent  of  an  ablative 
of  manner. 

74.  Vocabulary. 

aratrum,  -I,  n.,  plow,  libero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  to  free, 

cura,  -ae,  f.,  care.  [toil.  munero,  -are,  -avi,   -atus,    to 

laboro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  to  reward. 

ante  (prep,  with  ace),  before.  turn  (adv.),  then, 

patientia,  -ae,  impatience,  diu  (adv.),  for  a  longtime. 


ABLATIVES   OF  MEANS  AND  MANNER  47 

75.  Exercises  in  Translation. 

I.  1.  Cum  gaudio  clarus  vir  pecuniam  miseris  servis 
dabat.  2.  German!  cum  audacia  pugnaverant,  sed  viclnl 
sui  armis  superaverunt.  3.  Ante  proelium  German!  laeti  fue- 
rant,  sed  Gall!  eos  fugaverunt ;  turn  maest!  erant.  4.  Arm!s 
patriam  liberamus.  5.  Poeta  fabulam  pueris  magna  cum 
cura  parat.  6.  Bonus  vir  cum  diligentia  et  laetitia  domin5 
laborat.  7.  Et  dominus  multa  pecunia  eum  munerat. 
8.  Bonus  servus  pecunia  a  domino  suo,  cu!  cum  diligentia 
laborat,  munerabitur.  9.  Num  puellae  rosis  alb!s  aras  deorum 
cum  patientia  ornabunt?  10.  Aras  non  rosis,  sed  argento  et 
auro  ornabunt. 

II.  1.  By  which  slaves  were  the  altars  of  the  gods  and 
goddesses  decorated  with  roses?  2.  The  altars  were  deco- 
rated with  roses  by  the  slaves  of  Cincinnatus,  who,  with  great 
daring,  fought  for  the  Romans  in  many  battles.  3.  The 
Carthaginians  fought  with  the  Romans  with  great  boldness. 
4.  Those  boys  are  not  delighted  with  these  books  which  have 
been  given  to  them  by  a  friend.  5.  The  cause  of  the  war 
was  the  pride  of  the  Persians,  who  were  afterwards  overcome 
by  the  Greeks  by  ambush.  6.  The  queen  wisely  rewards 
the  sailors  who  have  put  to  flight  the  pirates.  7.  With  what 
does  the  farmer  plow  the  field?  8.  He  works  with  a  new 
plow  and  with  black  horses.  9.  The  fields  are  plowed  by 
the  farmer  with  the  new  plow'  which  his  friend  has  given 
him.  10.  For  a  long  time  we  have  toiled  with  patience  and 
diligence. 


48 


BEGINNERS'   LATIN  BOOK 


LESSON  XXIV. 
The    Third   Declension. 

76.  Stems  of  the  third  declension  end  in  -i  or  a  consonant. 
Consonant  stems  are  named,  according  to  their  final  letter, 
mute  stems  and  liquid  stems.  The  stem  is  found  by  drop- 
ping the  ending  -um  of  the  genitive  plural.  The  base  is 
the  same  as  the  stem. 

Note.  —  Review  paragraph  2. 


77.   The  declension  of  mute  stems  is  as  follows  :  — 


dux,  ducis,  m.,  leader ; 
stem  due- 


Singular. 

Plural. 

N. 

dux 

duc-es 

G. 

due-is 

duc-um 

D. 

duc-i 

duc-ibua 

A. 

duc-em 

duc-es 

V. 

dux 

duc-es 

A. 

duc-e 

duc-ibus 

princeps,  -ipis,  m.,  leader,  chief; 
stem  princip- 

SlNGULAR. 


N. 
G. 
D. 
A 
V. 
A. 


princeps 

princip-is 

princip-i 

princip-em 

princep-s 

prmcip-e 


Plural. 
princip-es 
princip-um 
princip-ibus 
princip-es 
princip-es 
princip-ibus 


rex,  regis,  m.,  king; 
stem  reg- 


Singular. 
rex 
reg-is 
reg-i 
reg-em 
rex 
reg-e 


Plural. 
reg-es 
reg-um 
reg-ibus 
reg-es 
reg-es 
reg-ibus 


pes,  pedis,  m.,foot; 
stem  ped- 
Singular.  Plural. 

pe-s  ped-es 

ped-is  ped-um 

ped-i  ped-ibus 

ped-em  ped-es 

pes  ped-es 

ped-e  ped-ibus 


THE    THIRD  DECLENSION  49 

General  Rule  for  Gender.  —  The  endings  -0,  -or,  -os,  -er, 

and  the  increasing  genitives  in  -es  are  masculine. 

Note.  —  Any  noun  which  has  more  syllables  in  the  genitive 
than  in  the  nominative  is  said  to  be  increasing  in  the  genitive. 

78.  Vocabulary. 

miles,  -itis,  m.,  soldier.  pedes,  -itis,  m.,  foot-soldier. 

dux,  ducis,  m.,  leader.  eques,  -itis,  m., cavalry-man. 

iudex,  -icis,  m.,  judge;  princeps,  -ipis,  m.,  chief. 

artifex,  -icis,  m.,  artisan.  sacerdos,  -otis,  m.,  priest, 

rex,  regis,  m.,  king.  constantia,  -ae,  f.,  constancy, 
pes,  pedis,  m.,foot.  perseverance. 

notus,  -a,  -um,  known.  primus,  -a,  -um,jirst. 

79.  Exercises  in  Translation. 

I.  1.  Milites  Galbae  oppidum  cum  audacia  oppugna- 
verunt.  2.  Milites  ducem  suum  amant.  3.  Constantia 
copiarum  ducibus  magnam  laetitiam  dat.  4.  Iudex  iustus 
incolis  patriae  cams  est.  5.  Rex  sapientiam  iudicis  laudat. 
6.  In  Graecia  raulti  artifices  fuerunt ;  Graecia  erat  patria 
multorum  poetarum  et  artificum.  7.  Reges  et  principes 
pulchros  equos  amant.  8.  Boni  milites  patriam  amant. 
9.  Persae  erant  domini  Asiae.  10.  Reglna  copiarum  arti- 
ficibus  magnam  laetitiam  dabat. 

II.  1.  Cincinnatus  was  a  great  leader  of  the  Roman 
forces.  2.  Many  priests  were  in  Greece  and  in  Italy. 
3.  Romulus  was  the  first  king  of  Rome.  4.  The  wisdom  of 
the  master  is  known  to  the  slaves.  5.  The  feet  of  elephants 
are   broad.      6.  Great  was  the  perseverance  of  the    foot- 


5o 


BEGINNERS'   LATIN  BOOK 


soldiers  of  the  Greeks  and  Romans.  7.  In  Italy  are  many 
rivers  and  small  and  large  towns.  8.  Great  is  the  fame  of 
the  foot-soldiers  and  the  cavalry-men.  9.  Those  soldiers 
who  were  put  to  flight  were  chastised  by  the  leaders. 
10.  The  wisdom  of  the  just  judge  is  praised  by  the  chiefs 
and  soldiers  of  the  Roman  people. 


LESSON   XXV. 

The    Third   Declension   (Continued}. 

80.   The  declension  of  liquid  stems  is  as  follows  :  — 


homo,  hominis,  m.,  man  ; 
stem  homin- 
Singular.         Plural. 
N.   hom5  homin-es 

G.   homin-is      homin-um 
D.   homin-i        homin-ibus 
A.    homin-em  homin-es 
V.    homo  homin-es 

A.   homin-e       homin-ibus 

consul,  consulis,  m.,  consul; 
stem  consul- 
Singular.         Plural. 
N.   consul  consul-es 

G.    consul-is     consul-um 
D.   consul-i       c5nsul-ibus 
A.    consul-em  consul-es 
V.    consul  consul-es 

A.    consul-e-      consul-ibus 


frater, 

fratris 

,  m.,  brother ; 

stem  fratr- 

Singular. 

Plural. 

frater 

fratr-es 

fratr-is 

fratr-um 

fr^tr-i 

fratr-ibus 

fratr-em 

fratr-es 

frater 

fratr-es 

fratr-e 

fratr-ibus 

scriptor,  scriptoris,  m.,  writer, 
author ;     stem  scriptor- 
Plural. 


Singular. 
scriptor 
scriptor-is 
scriptor-i 
scriptor-em 
scriptor 
scriptor-e 


scriptor-es 

scriptor-um 

scriptor-ibus 

scriptor-es 

scriptor-es 

scriptor-ibus 


THE    THIRD  DECLENSION  .  51 

81.  Vocabulary. 


sermo,  -onis,  m.,  speech.  dolor,  -oris,  m.,  sorrow. 

amor,  -5ris,  m.,  love.  timor,  -oris,  m.,  fear. 

terror,  -oris,  m.,  terror.  rumor,  -oris,  m.,  rumor. 

pater,  -tris,  m.,  father.  frater,  -tris,  m.,  brother. 

noster,  -tra,  -trum,  our.  varius,  -a,  -um,  different. 

Iuppiter,  lovis,  m.,  Jupiter.  Caesar,  -is,  m.,  Caesar. 

cremo,   -are,   -avi,   -atus,  to      recreo,  -are,  -avi,    -atus,   to 

burn.  refresh. 

82.  Exercises  in   Translation, 

I.  i.  Sermones  agricolarum  delectant  pueros.  2.  Iniuria 
amico  meo  magnos  dolores  dat.  3.  Amor  popull  reginam 
delectat.  4.  Constantia  Graecorum  Persarum  timoris  et 
terroris  causa  erat.  5.  Iuppiter  erat  pater  deorum  et  homi- 
num.  6.  Fratrem  tuum,  amice,  homines  iusti  amant. 
7.  Somnus  homines  defessos  recreat.  8.  Pater  Galbae, 
agricolae,  in  silva  a  feris  viris  crematus  est. 

II.  1.  Caesar  was  a  good  consul  and  a  great  author. 
2.  Who  is  not  loved  by  his  brother?  3.  Soldiers,  why  have 
you  not  freed  the  country  of  your  fathers  ?  4.  The  priests 
of  Jupiter  were  good  men  and  labored  in  the  temples  with 
great  constancy.  5.  Cincinnatus  was  a  great  soldier  and 
a  skilful  farmer.  6.  The  foot-soldiers  and  the  horsemen 
besieged  the  town,  but  were  put  to  flight  by  the  inhabitants. 
7.  Many  towns  of  Gaul  have  been  taken  by  storm  by  the 
soldiers  of  Caesar.  8.  In  Germany  the  love  of  native 
land  is  great.  9.  The  language  of  the  Romans  was  not 
known  to  the  Greeks. 


52 


BEGINNERS'   LATIN  BOOK 


LESSON   XXVI. 

The   Third   Declension  {Continued}. 

83.   The    following   paradigms    show  the  declension   of 
feminine  nouns  with  mute  and  liquid  stems  :  — 


virtus,  virtutis 

i,  f.,  virtue, 

hiems,  hiemis,  f.,  winter ; 

bravery ;   stem  virtut- 

stem 

hiem- 

SlNGULAR. 

Plural. 

Singular. 

Plural. 

N. 

virtus 

virtut-es 

hiems 

hiem-es 

G. 

virtut-is 

virtut-um 

hiem-is 

hiem-um 

I). 

virtut-I 

virtut-ibus 

hiem-T 

hiem-ibus 

A. 

virtut-em 

virtiit-es 

hiem-em 

hiem-es 

V. 

virtus 

virtut-es 

hiems 

hiem-es 

A. 

virtiit-e 

virtut-ibus 

hiem-e 

hiem-ibus 

Rules  for  Gender.  —  Nouns  ending  in  -as,  -es  not  in- 
creasing in  the  genitive,  -is,  -us,  -aus,  -ys,  -s  following  a 
consonant,  -x  are  feminine.  Nouns  ending  in  -do,  -go, 
together  with  abstract  and  collective  nouns  in  -io,  are 
feminine. 


84. 


Vocabulary. 


mos,  moris,  m.,  custom. 
voluptas,  -atis,  f.?  pleasure. 
sol,  solis,  m.,  sun. 
aestas,  -atis,  f.,  summer. 
hiems,  hiemis,  f,  winter. 
libertas,  -atis,  f.,  liberty. 
mater,   tris,  f.,  mother. 


multitiido,  -dinis,  f.,  multitude. 
lux,  lucis,  f.,  light. 
lex,  legis,  f.,  law. 
color,  -oris,  m.,  color. 
uxor,  -oris,  f.,  wife. 
virtus,  -tiitis,  f.,  manliness. 
civitas,  -atis,  f.,  state. 


flos,  -oris,  m.,  flower. 


THE    THIRD  DECLENSION         *  53 

85.  Exercises  in   Translation. 

I.  i.  Muri  alti  ornant  oppida  Germanorum.  2.  Multi- 
tudo  mllitum  Romanorum  ducibus  non  erat  nota.  3.  Boni 
mores  puerorum  regl  et  reginae  magnam  voluptatem  da- 
bant.  4.  Lux  solis  est  grata  poetae  qui  fabulam  de  aestate 
et  hieme  narrat.  5.  Color  florum  varius  est.  6.  Agricola 
cum  uxore  sua  in  Italia  fuit.  7.  Homines  terrarum  Europae 
libertatem  amant.  8.  Et  cum  audacia  pugnant  et  clvitates 
suas  Hberabunt.  9.  Milites  in  fuga  vitam  ducis  sui  magna 
cum  virtute  servaverunt.     10.  Leges  patriae  sunt  iustae. 

II.  1.  What  is  the  color  of  those  horses  which  are  in  the 
field?  2.  The  king's  feet  are  large,  but  those  of  his  wife 
are  small.  3.  The  soldiers  of  the  Gauls  were  put  to  flight 
by  the  leaders  of  the  Romans.  4.  The  people  of  Greece 
loved  liberty.  5.  Many  men  of  Gaul  fought  bravely.  6.  A 
good  law  is  a  light  to  an  upright  people.  7.  The  kind 
woman  will  be  a  good  wife.  8.  The  light  of  the  sun 
delights  the  farmer  who  labors  in  the  field  with  a  plow. 
9.  The  soldiers  who  had  been  on  the  wall  were  put  to 
flight  by  the  leaders  of  the  Germans.  10.  The  love  of  sons 
and  daughters  delights  the  minds  of  fathers  and  mothers. 


AA 


Ingum. 


54 


BEGINNERS'  LATIN  BOOK 


LESSON   XXVII. 
The    Third   Declension    {Continued}. 

86.    The   following   paradigms   show   the    declension  of 
neuter  nouns  with  consonant  stems  :  — 


flumen,  fluminis,  n.,  river  ; 
stem  flumin- 


tempus,  temporis,  n.,  time ; 
stem  tempor- 
Singular.  Plural. 

N.    tempus  tempor-a 

G.    tempor-is     tempor-um 
D.    tempor-i       tempor-ibus 
A.    tempus  tempor-a 

V.    tempus  tempor-a 

A.    tempor-e       tempor-ibus 

Note.  — All  neuter  nouns  have  in  the  singular  and  plural  three 
cases  alike,  the  Nominative,  the  Accusative,  and  the  Vocative. 
In  the  plural  all  neuter  nouns  of  the  third  declension  end  in  a. 

,    Rule  for  Gender.  —  Nouns  of  the  third  declension  end- 
ing in  -a,  -e,  -i,  -y,  -c,  -1,  -n,  -t,  -ar,  -ur,  -us,  are  neuter. 

7.  Vocabulary. 


Singular. 

flumen 

flumin-is 

flumin-i 

flumen 

flumen 

flumin-e 


Plural. 
flumin-a 
flumin-um  , 
flumin-ibus 
flumin-a 
flumin-a 
flumin-ibus 


flumen,  -inis,  n.,  river. 

tempus,  -oris,  n.,  time. 

corpus,  -oris,  n.,  body. 

vulnus,  -eris,  n.,  wound. 

iter,  itineris,  n.,  way,  jour- 
ney. 

nomen,  -inis,  n.,  name. 

antiquus,  -a,  -um,  ancient. 

inter  (prep,  with  ace),  between, 
among. 


orator,  -oris,  m.,  orator. 
carmen,  -inis,  n.,  song. 
scelus,  -eris,  n.,  cri?ne. 
coniuratio,     -onis,     f.,     con- 
spiracy. 
certamen,  -inis,  n.,  struggle. 
periculum,  -I,  n.,  danger, peril. 
maxime  (adv.),  greatly. 
muto,    -are,    -avi,    -atus,   to 


THE   THIRD  DECLENSION 


88.  Exercises  in  Translation, 


55 


I.  i.  Rhenus  est  magnum  flumen  in  Germania  et 
maxime  amatus  est  a  Germanis.  2.  Tempora  mutantur  et 
homines  mutantur.  3.  Corpora  mllitum  Germanorum  sunt 
magna.  4.  Nomina  multorum  poetarum  et  oratorum  Grae- 
corum  clara  sunt.  5.  Homerus  proelia  et  certamina  Grae- 
corum  narrat.  6.  Carmina  Vergilil  dlscipulls  magnam 
voluptatem  dant.  7.  In  flumine  sunt  multae  insulae ;  in 
ripis  fluminis  sunt  antlqua  oppida.  8.  Nomen  popull 
Roman!  carminibus  a  Vergilio  celebratum  est.  9.  Iter 
inter  Romam  et  terram  Belgarum  est  longum  et  in  itinere 
sunt  multa  pericula.  10.  Vulnus  mllitl  magnos  dolores 
dabat.  n.  Pura  aqua  hominibus  et  bestiis  grata  est. 
12.  Carmina  Homerl  oratores  delectant.  13.  Tempus  est 
magnum  et  antiquum  flumen. 

II.  1.  The  conspiracy  of  Catiline  was  a  crime.  2.  The 
Germans  love  the  customs  of  their  native  country.  3.  The 
shields  of  the  Greek  soldiers  were  large.  4.  The  songs  of 
Homer  delight  boys  and  girls,  men  and  women.  5.  For 
a  long  time  the  town  was  besieged  by  a  multitude  of  men. 

6.  The  number  of  orators  in  Greece  and  Rome  was  great. 

7.  Jupiter,  the  king  of  the  gods,  rewarded  the  priests 
in  the  temple.  8.  The  cavalry-men  gained  a  great  victory 
in  the  country  of  the  Gauls.  9.  The  leader  of  the  soldiers 
helped  the  women  and  children.  10.  The  crime  of  the 
orator  was  great,  and  the  soldier  killed  him.  n.  The  chil- 
dren of  the  kings  were  in  the  town.  12.  Jupiter  is  not 
our  god.     13.  Are  not  the  rivers  of  Italy  beautiful? 


56  BEGINNERS'   LATIN  BOOK 

LESSON   XXVIII. 
The   Ablative    of  Time. 

89.  Rule. —  Time  when  and  time  within  which  is  ex- 
pressed by  means  of  the  ablative  without  a  preposition. 

Examples  :  — 

a.  Anno  primo  belli  Roma  oppugnata  est. 

In  the  first  year  of  the  war  Ro?ne  was  besieged. 

b.  Decern  annis  Caesar  multa  oppida  expugnaverit. 

Within  ten  years  Caesar  will  have  taken  by  storm  many  towns. 

90.  Vocabulary. 

dolus,  -I,  m.,  treachery.  hiberna,  -orum  (plu.),  n.,  win- 
nor  a,  -ae,  f.,  hour.  ter-quarters. 

annus,  -I,  m.,year.  fraus,  fraudis,  f.,  fraud. 

mulier,  -eris,  f.?  woman.  soror,  -oris,  f.,  sister. 

arbor,  -oris,  f.,  tree.  Cicero,  -onis,  m.,  Cicero. 

clamor,  -oris,  m.,  shout,  noise.  legio,  -onis,  f.,  legion. 

vigilia,  -ae,  f.,  watch.  senator,  -oris,  m.,  senator. 

secundus,    -a,   -um,   second,  natio,  -onis,  f.,  nation. 

imperator,     -oris,     m.,    com-  decern  (adj.  indecl.),  ten. 

mander,  e?nperor.  tertius,  -a,  -um,  third. 
nam  (conj.),  for. 
■ 

91.  Exercises  in   Translation. 

I.  i.  Prima  luce  Caesaris  milites  oppidum  magno  cla- 
more  occupaverunt.  2.  Eo  tempore  sacerdotes  oppidanos 
in  templum  vocabant.  3.  Turn  milites  mulieres  et  pueros 
necaverunt.     4.  Aestate  arbores  et  herbae  et  flores  sunt  pul- 


THE  ABLATIVE    OF  TIME  57 

chri1.  5.  Antiquis  temporibus  erant  in  Graecia  multi  et 
clan  poetae  et  scriptores.  6.  Memoria  Ciceronis,  magnl 
oratoris,  milites  Roman!  in  multis  bellis  cum  Gallis  pugna- 
verunt.  7.  Mater  mea  est  soror  patris  tm.  8.  Tertia 
vigilia  milites  aurum  ex  oppido  magna  cum  celeritate  porta- 
verunt.  9.  Mater  et  sorores  imperatoris  erant  in  castris 
Caesaris.     10.  Hieme  bestiae  silvarum  ab  agricolis  necantur. 

II.  1.  The  state  praised  the  justice  of  the  judges.  2.  Cin- 
cinnati^, the  famous  commander,  called  his  soldiers  into 
winter-quarters.  3.  The  nation  praises  the  wisdom  of  its 
priests  and  judges.  4.  The  senators  celebrated  the  victory 
of  their  brother,  Cicero.  5.  The  upright  man  will  be  a 
good  father ;  the  upright  woman,  a  good  mother.  6.  In 
summer  there  are  flowers  in  the  fields.  7.  In  ancient  times 
there  were  many  poets  in  Italy.  8.  The  multitude  of 
the  Germans  was  the  cause  of  fear  among  the  nations  of 
Europe.  9.  In  summer  the  farmer  plows,  but  in  winter 
he  does  not  work  in  the  fields.  10.  Within  the  second 
hour  the  soldiers  saved  their  leader. 

1  Agreeing  with  the  last  noun. 


Tubicines* 


58 


BEGINNERS'   LATIN  BOOK 


LESSON    XXIX. 
The   Third   Declension    {Continued). 

92.  The  following  paradigms  show  the  declension  of  nouns 
with  i  stems.  I-  stems  include :  (a)  nouns  of  the  third  de- 
clension in  -es,  -is,  and  -e  having  in  the  genitive  the  same 
number  of  syllables  as  in  the  nominative  ;  (b)  those  in  -er 
(except  pater,  mater,  frater,  accipiter)  ;  (e)  neuters  in  -al, 
-ar,  which  have  lost  a  final  e.  Nouns  ending  in  -ns  and  -rs, 
monosyllables  in  -s  and  -x  following  a  consonant,  belong 
to  the  i  stems,  also  the  following :  nox,  noctis,  f.,  night; 
mus,  muris,  f.  and  m.,  mouse;  nix,  nivis,  f.,  snow  ;  os,  ossis, 
n.,  bone. 

I-  stems  end  regularly  in  -ium  in  the  genitive  plural.  A 
few  nouns  in  -is  have  both  -im  and  -em  in  the  accusative  sin- 
gular. These  will  be  noted  as  they  occur.  Some  masculines 
and  feminines,  and  almost  all  neuters,  have  the  ablative  singu- 
lar in  -i.  Masculines  and  feminines  have  -is  and  -es  in  the 
accusative  plural,  but  the  neuters  all  end  in  -ia. 

civis,  civis,  m.  and  f.,  citizen ;      hostis,  hostis,  m.,  enemy; 
stem  civi-  stem  hosti- 


Singular. 

Plural. 

Singular. 

Plural. 

N.    civis 

elves 

hostis 

hostes 

G.    civis 

civium 

hostis 

hostium 

D.    civi 

civibus 

host! 

hostibus 

A.    civem 

elves,  -is 

hostem 

hostes,  -is 

V.    civis 

elves 

hostis 

hostes 

A.   cive 

civibus 

hoste 

hostibus 

THE    THIRD  DECLENSION 


59 


nox,  noctis,  f.,  night; 
stem  nocti- 

Plural. 


animal,  animalis,  n.,  animal; 
stem  animali- 


SlNGULAR. 

N.    nox 
G.    noctis 
D.    nocti 
A.    noctem 
V.    nox 
A.    nocte 

93. 


noctes 

noctium 

noctibus 

noctes,  -is 

noctes 

noctibus 


Singular. 

animal 

animalis 

animal! 

animal 

animal 

anima.li 


Plural. 
animalia 
animalium 
animalibus 
animalia 
animalia 
animalibus 


Vocabulary. 


civis,  -is,  m.  and  f.,  citizen. 
nox,  noctis,  f.,  night. 
aer,  aeris,  m.  (ace.  aera),  air. 
mare,  maris,  n.,  sea. 
navis,  -is,  f.,  ship. 
avis,  -is,  f.,  bird. 
vox,  vocis,  f.,  voice. 
urbs,  urbis,  f.,  city. 


animal,  -alis,  n.,  animal. 
hostis,  -is,  m.,  public  enemy. 
inimlcus,  -i,  m.,  private  enemy. 
vectigal,  -alis,  n.,  revenue. 
mons,  montis,  m.,  mountain. 
classis,  -is,  f.,  fleet. 
auris,  -is,  f.,  ear. 
pars,  partis,  impart. 


94. 


ubique  (adv.),  everywhere. 


Exercises  in   Translation. 


I.  i.  In  terra,  in  marl,  in  aere,  ubique  sunt  animalia. 
2.  Vectigalia  Romanorum  sunt  magna.  3.  BonI  elves  pa- 
triam  amant.  4.  In  Italia  sunt  multa  flumina  et  alti  montes. 
5.  Galli  et  Belgae  erant  hostes  Romanorum  et  ab  his  fugati 
sunt.  6.  Multae  et  magnae  naves  multarum  nationum  sunt 
in  marl.  7.  Classis  magna  hostium  Romanos  non  delecta- 
bat.  8.  Vox  multarum  avium  aures  hominum  delectat. 
9.  BonI  mores  civium  regl  et  reginae  magnam  voluptatem 
dabant.     10.  In  multis  partibus  urbis  templa  deorum  sunt. 


60  BEGINNERS'   LATIN  BOOK 

II.  i.  In  winter,  the  nights  are  long  ;  in  summer,  the  sun 
gives  much  light.  2.  The  treachery  of  the  soldiers  did  not 
please  their  commander,  who  was  a  good  man.  3.  In  the 
third  watch  of  the  night,  the  legions  were  called  out  from 
camp.  4.  The  inhabitants  of  the  cities  carried  birds  and 
small  animals  into  the  temples.  5.  Galba  will  be  the  com- 
mander of  a  large  fleet  of  ships.  6.  In  the  night,  sleep  is 
pleasing  to  men  and  animals.  7.  The  voice  of  the  mes- 
senger delights  the  ears  of  the  citizens,  for  he  reports  a 
great  victory.  8.  The  senators  were  good  men  and  saved 
the  nation.  9.  Fraud  and  treachery  have  been  the  cause 
of  much  strife.  10.  Who  does  not  praise  the  wisdom  and 
the  prudence  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  cities  ? 


LESSON    XXX. 
Genitives    and    Ablatives. 

95.  Rule.  —  Words  denoting  a  part  are  used  with  a  geni- 
tive of* the  whole  to  ivhich  the  part  belongs. 

Cardinal  numerals  and  quidam  generally  take  the  ablative 
with  e,  ex,  or  de  to  express  the  whole  of  which  a  part  is  taken ; 
the  ordinals  generally  take  the  partitive  genitive. 

Examples  :  — 

a.  Nix  est  in  parte  montis. 

Snow  is  on  a  part  of  the  mountain. 

b.  Decern  ex  militibus  vulnerati  sunt. 
Ten  of  the  soldiers  were  wounded. 

C.   Primus  Romanorum  fuit  Romulus. 
The  first  of  the  Romans  was  Romulus. 


GENITIVES  AND  ABLATIVES  6 1 

Rule.  —  The  ablative  or  the  genitive  may  be  used  with  an 
adjective  to  describe  a  person  or  thing. 

Examples  :  — 

a.  Cincinnatus  fuit  vir  clari  n  5  minis. 

Cincinnatus  was  a  man  of  famous  name. 

b.  Cincinnatus  fuit  vir  claro  nomine. 

Cincinnatus  was  a  man  with  fa?nous  na?ne. 

96.  Vocabulary. 

Ianuarius,  -I,  m.,  January,  nix,  nivis,  f.,  snow. 

Februarius,  -I,  m.,  February.  tempestas,  -atis,  f.,  season. 

Martius,  -I,  m.,  March.  Hannibal,  -alis,  m.,  Hannibal. 

Aprllis,  -is,  m.,  April.  arx,  arcis,  f.,  citadel,  fortress. 

Maius,  -I,  m.,  May.  vigintl  (adj.  indec),  twenty. 

Iunius,  -I,  m.,June.  obses,  obsidis,  m.,  hostage. 

Iiilius,  -I,  m.jjuly.  lapis,  -pidis,  m.,  stone. 

Augustus,  -i,  m.,  August.  victor,  -oris,  m.,  victor. 

September,  -lQx\s,m.,Septem-  ars,  artis,  f.,  art. 

October,  -bris,  October.    \ber.  integritas,  -atis,  f.,  integrity. 

November,  -bris,  November .  liberalitas,  -atis,  f.,  liberality. 

December,  -bris,  December.  mens,  mentis,  f.,  mind. 

mensis,  -is,  m.,  month.  volo,  -are,  -avl,  — ,  to  fly, 

97.  Exercises  in  Translation. 

I.  i.  Nomina  mensium  sunt:  Ianuarius,  Februarius, 
Martius,  Aprllis,  Maius,  Iunius,  Iulius,  Augustus,  September, 
October,  November,  December.  '  2.  Aestas  est  tempus 
pulchrorum  riorum.  3.  Hiems  est  tempestas  magnarum 
nivium.     4.  Hannibal  fuit  dux  Poenorum  et  fuit  vir  magna 


62 


BEGINNERS'   LATIN  BOOK 


virtute.  5.  Decern  ex  mllitibus  arma  in  urbem  portaverunt. 
6.  In  antiqua  parte  urbis  filil  Galbae  necati  sunt.  7.  Ger- 
man!, sunt  viri  magno  corpore.  8.  Agricola  agrum  aratro 
aravit ;  nam  fuit  vir  magnae  dlligentiae.  9.  Arx  fuit  aedi- 
ficium  multorum  et  altorum  murorum.  10.  Viginti  ex  ob- 
sidibus  fuerunt  pueri  regum. 

II.  1.  Jura  is  a  mountain  of  many  stones  and  of  narrow 
ways.  2.  The  Roman  soldiers,  men  of  great  firmness,  had 
been  the  victors  in  many  battles.  3.  The  king  and  queen 
praise  the  art  of  the  poet.  4.  January  and  February  are 
months  of  winter;  July  is  a  part  of  summer.  5.  Cicero 
was  a  man  of  great  integrity.  6.  Victoria  was  a  queen  with 
great  liberality  of  mind.  7.  In  winter  the  birds  will  fly  to 
lands  of  beautiful  flowers.  8.  The  people  love  a  judge  of 
great  wisdom  and  justice.  9.  The  farmer,  Galba,  is  a  man 
of  great  diligence.  10.  The  leaders  praised  the  bravery  of 
the  soldiers. 


?m 


Aries. 


ABLATIVES  OF  SPECIFICATION  AND   CAUSE      63 

LESSON    XXXI. 
The  Ablatives  of  Specification  and  Cause. 

98.  Rules.  —  a.  The  ablative  is  used  to  specify  that  in 
respect  to  which  anything  is  true. 

b.   The  ablative  is  used  to  denote  cause. 

Note.  —  The  prepositions  de  and  ex  with  the  ablative,  and 
ob  and  propter  with  the  accusative,  are  sometimes  used  to 
express  cause. 

Examples  :  — 

a.  German!  Belgas  virtute  superabant. 

The  Germans  surpassed  the  Belgians  in  bravery. 

b.  Milites  Caesarem  Hberalitate  laudant. 
The  soldiers  praise  Caesar  for  his  generosity. 

c.  Multis  de  causis  Caesar  milites  laudavit. 
For  many  reasons  Caesar  praised  the  soldiers. 

99.  Vocabulary. 

mors,  mortis,  f.,  death.  fortiter  (adv.),  bravely. 

altitudo,    -dinis,    f.,    height,       magnitudo,  -dinis,  f.,  size. 

depth.  auxilium,  -1,  n.,  help. 

gens,  gentis,  f.,  tribe.  numerus,  -T,  m.,  number. 

socius,  -T,  m.,  ally,  associate.         scientia,  -ae,  f.,  knowledge. 
elegantia,  -ae,  f.,  elegance. 

100.  Exercises  in  Translation. 

I.  1.  Miles  erat  magna  audacia,  et  dux  eum  virtute 
laudavit.  2.  Rex  et  reglna  erant  maesti  morte  fllii.  3.  In- 
ter  agricolas    Galba    erat    primus    magnitudine.       4.    Viri 


64 


BEGINNERS'  LATIN  BOOK 


et  feminae  illius  terrae  erant  homines  magno  corpore. 
5.  Roman!  saepe  non  multitudine,  sed  fortitudine  militum 
victores  fuerunt.  6.  Elephant!  magnitudine  multas  bestias 
superant.  7.  Poeta  Rhenum  altitudine  laudat.  8.  Gentes 
Germaniae  constantia  et  integritate  morum  clarae  erant. 
9.  Auxilium  sociis  a  Romanis  datum  est.  10.  HI  multas 
nationes  numero  superant. 

II.  1.  For  many  reasons  the  soldiers  of  the  Persians 
fought  bravely  on  that  day.  2.  But  they  were  put  to  flight 
by  the  Greeks,  who  were  famous  on  account  of  their  knowl- 
edge of  war.  3.  The  soldiers  of  Italy  surpass  those  of 
Greece  in  arms.  4.  The  priest  of  Jupiter  works  in  the 
temple  with  great  care.  5.  The  pirates  were  killed  on 
account  of  their  conspiracy  and  crime.  6.  We  love  the 
winter  on  account  of  the  beautiful  snow;  we  praise  the 
summer  because  of  the  flowers.  7.  The  Greeks  surpassed 
the  Romans  in  the  arts.  8.  Rome  excelled  in  good  laws 
and  upright  judges.  9.  The  writer  praised  the  boy  on 
account  of  the  elegance  of  his  speech.  10.  Men  of  great 
boldness  are  not  always  men  of  great  wisdom. 


Rostra, 


REVIEW  IN   VOCABULARY 


65 


LESSON    XXXII. 

Review    in   Vocabulary. 

101.  The  following  vocabulary  contains  all  the  new 
words  introduced  since  Lesson  XVI.  These  words  should 
be  studied  with  great  care ;  the  English  equivalents  should 
be  learned,  and  the  spelling  and  the  quantity  of  vowels 
should  be  mastered. 


102. 

Word  List 

a 

Augustus 

contentus 

flos 

aedificium 

auris 

corpus 

flumen 

aer 

auxilium 

cremd 

fortiter 

aestas 

avis 

cuius 

fortuna 

altitudo 

beatus 

cum 

frater 

amor 

Caesar 

cura 

fraus 

ancilla 

carmen 

decern 

fugo 

animal 

castigo 

December 

Callus 

annus 

celebro 

defessus 

gens 

ante 

cena 

diu 

Germanus 

antlquus 

certamen 

dolor 

gratus 

Aprllis 

Cicero 

dolus 

habito 

apud 

Cincinnatus 

dux 

Hannibal 

aratrum 

civis 

e 

hiberna 

arbor 

civitas 

educo 

hie 

armo 

clamor 

eius 

hiems 

aro 

classis 

elegantia 

historia 

ars 

color 

eques 

Homerus 

artifex 

co  niu  ratio 

expiigno 

homo 

arx 

constantia 

Februarius 

hora 

attentus 

consul 

fidus 

hostis 

66 


BEGINNERS'  LATIN  BOOK 


inimlcus 

matrona 

orator 

socius 

Ianuarius 

maxime 

OS 

sol 

idoneus 

mens 

pars 

somnus 

illud 

mensis 

pater 

soror 

imperator 

miles 

patientia 

superbus 

insidiae 

mons 

pedes 

super5 

integritas 

morbus 

periculum 

tempestas 

inter 

mors 

Persa 

tempus 

is 

mos 

pes 

terror 

iter 

mox 

Poenus 

tertius 

iudex 

mulier 

postea 

timor 

Iulius 

multitudo 

primus 

turn 

Iunius 

munero 

princeps 

tutus 

Iuppiter 

mus 

pro 

ubique 

iustus 

muto 

probus 

urbs 

iuvo 

nam 

proelium 

uxor 

laboro 

natio 

piigno 

vallum 

laetus 

navis 

purus 

varius 

lapis 

neco 

qui 

vasto 

legio 

nix 

recreo 

vectigal 

lex 

nomen 

reporto 

viclnus 

Hberalitas 

noster 

rex 

victor 

llbero 

notus 

Romulus 

vigilia 

libertas 

November 

rumor 

viginti 

locus 

nox 

sacerdos 

virtus 

lux 

numerus 

scelus 

vitupero 

maestus 

nunc 

scientia 

voco 

magnitudo 

obses 

scrlptor 

volo 

Maius 

occupo 

secundus 

voluptas 

mare 

October 

senator 

vox 

Martius 

oppidanus 

sermo 

vulnero 

mater 

oppugno 

si 

ADJECTIVES   OF  THE    THIRD  DECLENSION      6/ 

LESSON   XXXIII. 
Adjectives    of  the  Third  Declension. 

103.  Adjectives  of  the  third  declension  are  called  ad- 
jectives of  one,  two,  or  three  terminations.  Adjectives  of 
one  termination  have  but  one  form  in  the  nominative  sin- 
gular for  the  masculine,  feminine,  and  neuter ;  adjectives 
of  two  terminations  have  the  same  form  in  the  nominative 
singular  for  the  masculine  and  the  feminine,  and  a  different 
form  for  the  neuter;  adjectives  of  three  terminations  have  a 
different  form  in  the  nominative  singular  for  each  gender. 

Adjectives  of  two  terminations  end  in  the  masculine  and 
feminine  singular  in  -is,  neuter,  -e ;  adjectives  of  three 
terminations  end  in  -er,  -is,  -e.  They  have  regularly  -i  in 
the  ablative  singular,  -ium  in  the  genitive  plural,  -es  or  -is  in 
the  accusative  plural  of  masculines  and  feminines,  and  -ia 
in  the  nominative,  accusative,  and  vocative  plural  of  neuters. 

104.  Adjectives  of  one  termination  are  declined  like 
sapiens ;    adjectives  of  two  terminations,  like  fortis. 

sapiens,  -entis,  wise. 
Singular.  Plural. 

M.  and  F.  N.  M.  and  F.  N. 

N.     sapiens         sapiens  sapientes  sapientia 

G.     sapientis      sapientis  sapientium  sapientium 

D.     sapient!        sapient!  sapientibus  sapientibus 

A.     sapientem  sapiens  sapientes,  -Is  sapientia 

V.     sapiens         sapiens  sapientes  sapientia 

A.     sapient!        sapient!  sapientibus  sapientibus 


** 


68 


BEGINNERS'   LATIN  BOOK 


fortis,  -e,  brave,  strong. 


Singular. 

Plural. 

N. 

fortis 

forte 

fortes 

fortia 

G. 

fortis 

fortis 

fortium 

fortium 

D. 

forti 

forti 

fortibus 

fortibus 

A. 

fortem 

forte 

fortes,  -is           fortia 

V. 

fortis 

forte 

fortes 

fortia 

A. 

forti 

forti 

fortibus 

fortibus 

105. 


Vocabulary  i 


fidelis,  -e,  faithful. 
fertilis,  -e,  fertile. 
fortis,  -e,  brave,  strong. 
prudens,  -entis,  pr?ident. 
Felix,  -Icis,  m.,  Felix. 
fellx,  -Icis,  happy. 
ingens,  -entis,  huge. 
innocens,  -entis,  innocent. 
exemplum,  -I,  n.,  example. 
iuvenis,  -is  (gen.  plu.  -um), 
m.,  a  youth. 


gravis,  -e,  heavy. 
Sulla,  -ae,  m.,  Sulla. 
cognomen,    -inis,    n.,*  cogno- 
men. 
sapiens,  -entis,  wise. 
omnis,  -e,  every,  all. 
periculosus,  -a,  -urn, perilous. 
imprudens,  -entis,  imprudent. 
improbus,  -a,  -um,  wicked. 
utilis,  -e,  useful. 


106. 


Exercises  in  Translation. 


I.  i.  Civis  probus  regi  fidelis  est;  servT  dominis  non 
semper  fideles  fuerunt.  2.  Clari  scriptores  Romandrum 
multos  et  fertiles  agros  laudabant.  3.  Bellum  saepe  populo 
cura  gravis  est.  4.  Sulla  vir  fortis  et  prudens  fuit ;  cogno- 
men Sullae  erat  Felix.  5.  Homines  imprudentes  saepe  in 
periculis  sunt.  6.  Graecorum  fortitudo  in  omnibus  periculis 
magna  erat,  maxime  in  bellis  Persarum.  7.  Ingens  fuit 
praeda  Graecorum  in  pugna.     8.  Hominibus  innocentibus 


ADJECTIVES   OF  THE    THIRD  DECLENSION      69 

crimina  improborum  hominum  sunt  non  periculosa.  9.  Ex- 
empla  virorum  proborum  et  sapientium  omnibus  hominibus 
utilia  sunt.  10.  Sermones  virorum  sapientium  animos 
iuvenum  delectant. 

II.    1.  Hannibal  was  a  brave  and  skilful  general.     2.  The 
fertile  fields  of  the  Romans  were  praised  by  famous  writers. 

3.  The   farmer  plowed  his    fertile  fields  with  great   care. 

4.  The  legions  of  the  Romans  were  always  brave.  5.  Happy 
is  that  man  who  is  prudent  and  wise'.  6.  The  good  poet 
was  loved  by  all  the  children.  7.  In  the  huge  forest,  the 
voices  of  birds  delight  the  ears  of  men.  8.  That  innocent 
youth  is  the  son  of  our  friend,  Galba.  9.  Cincinnatus,  who 
was  called  from  the  fertile  fields  into  battle,  was  praised  by 
all  the  Romans.  10.  Wise  laws  are  useful  to  the  state  and 
the  citizens. 


LESSON    XXXIV. 
Adjectives  of  the  Third  Declension   {Continued). 

107.    Adjectives  of  three   terminations  are  declined  as 

follows :  — 

acer,  acris,  acre,  keen,  sharp. 


Singular. 

Plural. 

M. 

F. 

N. 

M. 

F. 

N. 

N. 

acer 

acris 

acre 

acres 

acres 

acria 

G. 

acris 

acris 

acris 

acrium 

acrium 

acrium 

D. 

acri 

acri 

acri 

acribus 

acribus 

acribus 

A. 

acrem 

acrem 

acre 

acres,  -is 

acres,  -is 

acria 

V. 

acer 

acris 

acre 

acres 

acres 

acria 

A. 

acri 

acri 

acri 

acribus 

acribus 

acribus 

yo  BEGINNERS*  LATIN  BOOK 

108.  Vocabulary, 

acer,  acris,  acre,  eager.  celer,  -eris,  -ere,  swift. 

celeber,  -bris,  -bre,  famous,  regio,  -onis,  f.,  region. 

celebrated.  equester,  -tris,  -tre,  eques- 
celeritas,  -atis,  f.,  swiftness.  trian. 

bene  (adv.),  well.  audax,  -acis,  bold. 

forum,  -I,  n.,  forum.  civilis,  -e,  civil. 

vetus,  -eris,  old.  communis,  -e,  common , 

dulcis,  -e,  sweet.  brevis,  -e,  short. 

m  or  talis,  -e,  mortal.  admirabilis,  -e,  admirable. 

immortalis,  -e,  immortal.  violo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  to 
salubris,  -e,  wholesome.  violate. 

109.  Exercises  in  Translation. 

I.  i.  Acria  erant  bella  Romanorum  et  Germanorum. 
2.  Multae  regiones  Italiae  non  sunt  salubres.  3.  Roma 
erat  urbs  Italiae  Celebris.  4.  Equus  celer  Cincinnatum, 
imperatorem,  delectavit  ;  nam  equitem  bene  portavit. 
5.  Equestris  statua  Celebris  consulis  erat  in  magno  foro 
Romanorum.  6.  Iuppiter  erat  pater  hominum  mortalium 
et  immortalium  deorum.  7.  Amicis  omnia  gaudia  et  omnes 
dolores  sunt  communes.  8.  Brevi  tempore  cena  parabitur. 
9.  Celeritas  navium  in  marl  est  admirabilis.  10.  Homines 
qui  civiles  leges  violant,  castigabuntur. 

II.  1.  Life  is  sweet  to  good  and  to  bad  men.  2.  Swift 
birds  fly  in  the  air.  3.  Birds  are  known  for  their  swiftness. 
4.  In  ancient  times  Mercury  was  the  swift  messenger  of  the 
immortal  gods.  5.  He  was  loved  by  mortal  men,  who  gave 
gold  for  him  in  the  temple.     6.  Art  is  long ;   life  is  short. 


THE  ACCUSATIVE   OF  TIME  AND   SPACE         Jl 

7.  Caesar  surpassed  many  bold  generals  in  justice  and  wis- 
dom. 8.  The  inhabitants  of  Germany  give  praise  to  swift 
animals.  9.  In  a  short  time  the  brave  soldiers  put  the 
enemy  to  flight.  10.  The  sweet  flowers  delight  the  little 
girl.     11.  Good  grain  is  a  wholesome  food  for  horses. 


LESSON   XXXV. 
The   Accusative   of  Time    and   Space. 

110.  Rule.  —  Duration  of  time  and  extent  of  space  are 
expressed  by  the  accusative. 

Examples.  — 

a.  Multos  annos  pater  meus  erat  in  Germania. 

For  many  years  my  father  was  in  Ger?nany. 

b.  Murum  decern  pedes  altum  agricola  aedificat. 
The  farmer  builds  a  wall  ten  feet  high. 

Note.  —  Great  care  must  be  exercised  to  distinguish  the  ac- 
cusative of  time  from  the  ablative  of  time. 

Review  paragraph  89. 

111.  Vocabulary. 

Troia,  -ae,  f.,  Troy.  triginta  (adj.  indecl.),  thirty. 

Punicus,  -a,  -urn,  Punic,  Car-  epistula,  -ae,  f.,  letter. 

thaginian.  quattuor  (adj.  indecl.),  four. 

initium,  -1,  n.,  beginning.  calidus,  -a,  -urn,  warm. 

hiemd,   -are,   -avi,    -atus,    to  frigidus,  -a,  -urn,  cold. 

winter.  spatium,  -1,  n.,  space,  distance. 

ambulo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  to  folium,  -1,  n.,  leaf 

walk.  trans  (prep,  with  ace.) %  across. 


72  BEGINNERS'   LATIN  BOOK 

112.  Exercises  in  Translation, 

I.  i.  Graecl  Troiam  decern  annos  oppugnaverunt.  2.  Mu- 
ms urbis  viginti  pedes  altus  est.  3.  Primo  anno  belli  Punici 
multi  viri  necati  sunt.  4.  Prlmum  annum  belli  hostes  urbem 
oppugnabant.  5.  Initio  aestatis  aves  ex  frigidis  terns  in 
calidas  terras  volant.  6.  Caesar  in  Gallia  multos  annos 
hiemavit.  7.  Agricola  et  uxor  sua  in  agris  magnum  spatium 
ambulaverunt.  8.  Bello  triginta  annorum  multae  Ger- 
maniae  urbes  vastatae  sunt.  9.  Aestatem  pulchri  flores 
hanc  arborem,  folia  illam  ornant. 

II.  1.  Snow  is  on  the  high  mountain  during  the  winter. 
2.  In  the  first  Punic  war  many  ships  were  built  by  the 
Romans.  3.  Caesar's  messengers  carried  many  letters  from 
Gaul  during  the  months  of  summer.  4.  And  the  Romans 
were  delighted  on  account  of  these  letters  which  were  carried 
into  the  forum  in  September.1  5.  The  slaves  walked  a  great 
distance  across  the  high  mountains.  6.  For  a  short  time 
the  arms  were  carried  into  the  citadel.  7.  In  a  short  time 
the  soldiers  besieged  the  citadel  and  killed  many  people. 
8.  In  the  beginning  of  the  war  the  Carthaginian  general 
fought  with  thirty  elephants.  9.  Troy  was  a  famous  city  for 
many  years. 

iThe  names  of  months  are  adjectives  and  modify  mensis  understood, 
consequently  when  "  in  September "  is  translated  into  Latin  it  will  read 
"Septembri"  (l  being  the  ablative  ending). 

Hasta. 


THE   SECOND    CONJUGATION 


73 


LESSON    XXXVI. 
The    Second   Conjugation. 

113.  All  verbs  with  the  present  infinitive  in  -e  are  classed 
under  the  second  conjugation. 

Note.  —  Let  paragraph  53  be  reviewed. 

114.  Learn  the  indicative  active  and  passive  of  monere, 
to  advise. 

Principal  parts  :  moneo,  monere,  monui,  monitus. 


Active. 


SINGULAR. 

1.  moneo 

2.  mones 

3.  monet. 


PLURAL. 

monemus 

monetis 
monent 


1.  monebam    monebamus 

2.  monebas      monebatis 

3.  monebat      monebant 


1.  monebo 

2.  monebis 

3.  monebit 

1.  monui 

2.  monuisti 

3.  monuit 


monebimus 

monebitis 

monebunt 


Indicative. 

Present, 
singular. 
moneor 
moneris,  -re 
monetur 

Imperfect. 
monebar 
monebaris,  -re 
monebatur 

Future. 
monebor 
moneberis,  -re 
monebitur 


monuimus 
monuistis 
monuerunt,  -re 


Perfect. 

monitus, 
■a,  -urn, 


sum 

es 

est 


Passive. 

PLURAL. 

monemur 
monemini 
monentur 

monebamur 
monebamini 
monebantur 

monebimur 
monebimini 
monebuntur 


monitT, 
-ae,  -a, 


estis 
sunt 


74 


BEGINNERS'   LATIN  BOOK 


Singular. 

1.  monueram 

2.  monueras 

3.  monuerat 

1.  monuero 

2.  monueris 

3.  monuerit 


Plural. 


Pluperfect. 

Singular. 


monueramus 

monueratis 

monuerant 

Future  Perfect. 
monuerimus 
monueritis 
monuerint 


monitus, 
-a,  -um, 


monitus, 
-a,  -um, 


eram 

eras 

erat 

ero 
eris 
erit 


monitl, 
-ae,  -a,    j 


Plural. 

[  eramua 


moniti, 
-ae,  -a, 


eratis 
I  erant 

erimus 

eritis 

erunt 


Note.  —  In  the  above  paradigm  the  English  equivalents  have 
purposely  been  omitted.  The  student  should  have  acquired  them 
in  connection  with  the  first  conjugation. 


115. 


Vocabulary. 


rusticus,      -1,     m.,     peasant, 

farmer. 
oratio,  -onis,  f.,  oration. 
augeo,    -ere,    auxl,    auctus, 

to  increase. 
compleo,  -ere,  -evT,  -etus,  to 

fill. 
deleo,   -ere,    -evi,    -etus,    to 

destroy. 
doceo,  -ere,  -ui,    doctus,   to 

teach. 
floreo,  -ere,  -ui,  — ,  to  bloom, 

flourish. 


gaudeo,     -ere,     — ,    gavisus 

sum,   to   rejoice. 
gramen,  -inis,  n.,  grass. 
egregius,  -a,  -um,  excellent. 
habeo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itus,  to  have. 
iaceo,  -ere,  -ui,  — ,  to  lie. 
luge  6,  -ere,  luxi,  luctus,  to 

grieve. 
moneo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itus,  to  ad- 

vise. 
teneo,  -ere,  -ui,  -tus,  to  hold. 
video,   -ere,   vldi,   visus,   to 

see. 


116.  Exercises  in   Translation. 

I.    1.  Bom  homines  amicos  utiles  habent.     2.  Scelera  plra- 

tarum  incolarum   Insulae    dolorem   auxerunt.  3.    Roman! 

arboribus  et  lapidibus  fossam  compleverunt.     4.  Multae  et  in- 


COMPARISON  OF  ADJECTIVES  75 

gentes  arbores  in  silva  iacebant.  5.  Probi  homines  gaudent ; 
improbl  homines  bonis  legibus  lugent.  6.  Primo  vere  ar- 
bores florent.  7.  Prima  luce  videbimus  nostros  amicos  qui 
nunc  in  hac  urbe  sunt.     8.  111!  discipuli  a  magistro  docentur. 

II.  1.  Who  will  destroy  the  temple  which  the  priests  love? 
2.  The  town  which  Caesar's  soldiers  besieged  was  filled  with 
food  and  arms.  3.  The  farmer  and  his  wife  have  mourned 
a  long  time  on  account  of  the  death  of  their  son.  4.  The 
peasants  of  Italy  have  horses  and  plows  with  which  they  plow 
the  fields.  5.  In  summer,  grass  and  flowers  are  seen  on  the 
mountains ;  in  winter,  snow.  6.  He  who  is  advised  by 
many,  advises  many.  7.  Many  beautiful  trees  flourish  in 
Sicily,  for  it  is  a  warm  country.  8.  The  orations  which 
were  delivered  (were  had)  by  Cicero  against  Catiline,  were 
excellent. 

LESSON    XXXVII. 

Comparison    of  Adjectives. 

117.  As  in  English,  adjectives  have  three  degrees  of 
comparison,  —  the  Positive,  the  Comparative,  the  Superla- 
tive. Those  regularly  compared  drop  the  stem  vowel  of 
the  positive,  if  there  is  one,  and  add  -ior,  -ius  to  form  the 
comparative,  and  generally  -issimus,  -a,  -um,  to  form  the 
superlative  ;  but  adjectives  ending  in  -er  form  the  superlative 
by  adding  -rimus,  -a,  -um,  to  the  positive.  The  compara- 
tive is  always  an  adjective  of  the  third  declension  of  two 
terminations ;  the  superlative,  of  the  first  and  the  second 
declension,  of  three  terminations, 


76 


BEGINNERS1  LATIN  BOOK 


118.  The  following  are  examples  of  adjectives  compared  : 

Positive.  Comparative.  Superlative. 

angustus,  -a,  -urn,  angustior,  -ius.  angustissimus,  -a,  -urn, 

narrow. 

fortis,  -e,  brave.  fortior,  -ius.  fortissimus,  -a,  -um. 

felix,  happy.  fellcior,  -ius.  fellcissimus,  -a,  -um. 

niger, -gra, -grum,  nigrior, -ius.  nigerrimus,  -a,  -um. 

black. 

acer,  -oris,  -ere,  acrior,  -ius.  acerrimus,  -a,  -um. 

sharp. 

119.  Comparatives  are  declined  as  follows  :  — 


Singular. 

Plural. 

M.  and  F. 

N. 

M.  and  F. 

N. 

N. 

fortior 

fortius 

fortiores 

fortiora 

G. 

fortioris 

fortioris 

fortiorum 

fortiorum 

D. 

fortiori 

fortiori 

fortioribus 

fortioribus 

A. 

fortiorem 

fortius 

fortiores,  -is 

fortiora 

V. 

fortior 

fortius 

fortiores 

fortiora 

A. 

fortiore.  -T 

fortiore,  -1 

fortioribus 

fortioribus 

120.       Exercises  in   Comparing  and  Declining. 

I.  Compare :  i.  calidus,  frigidus,  brevis.  2.  admira- 
bilis,  celeber,  dulcis,  prudens.  3.  fertilis,  sapiens,  pulcher, 
utilis,  clarus. 

II.  Decline  miser  in  the  comparative  degree,  all 
genders.  2.  Decline  periculosus  in  the  superlative  degree, 
all  genders.  3.  Decline  sapiens  in  the  positive  and  com- 
parative degrees,  all  genders.  4.  Decline  omnis  in  all 
forms. 


THE    USE    OF  THE   COMPARATIVE  J? 

LESSON   XXXVIII. 
The   Use   of  the   Comparative. 

121.  Rule.  —  The  comparative  is  followed  by  quam,  and 
the  names  of  the  things  compared  are  in  the  same  case. 
However,  after  the  nominative  and  the  accusative,  quam  may 
be  omitted,  and  the  noun  or  pronoun  following  the  com- 
parative is  in  the  ablative  case. 

Note.  —  The  comparative  is  sometimes  used  to  express  a 
rather  high  or  too  high  a  degree  of  the  quality. 

Examples.  — 

a.  Vita  hominibus  carior  est  quam  pecunia. 
Life  is  dearer  to  men  than  money. 

b.  Vita  hominibus  carior  pecunia  est. 
Life  is  dearer  to  men  than  money. 

c.  Homines  vltam  cariorem  habent  quam  pecuniam. 
Men  hold  life  dearer  than  money. 

d.  Homines  vitam  cariorem  pecunia  habent. 
Men  hold  life  dearer  than  money. 

e.  Dat  pulchrius  donum  uxori  quam  filiae. 

He  gives  a  more  beautiful  gift  to  his  wife  than  to  his 
datighter. 
f.    Vita  hominibus  est  carior. 
Life  is  rather  dear  to  men. 

122.  Vocabulary. 

pax,  pacis,  f., peace.  quam  (conj.),  than. 

nobilis,  -e,  noble.  nihil  (indecl.),  n.,  nothing. 

firmus,  -a,  -urn,  strong.  vester,  -tra,  -trum,  your. 

latus,  -a,  -um,  broad,  wide.  Padus,  -1,  m.?  Po. 

asinus,  -I,  m.7  ass.  Socrates,  -is,  m.,  Socrates. 


78 


BEGINNERS'   LATIN  BOOK 


123. 


Exercises  in   Translation. 


I.  i.  Bellum  est  carius  militi  quam  pax.  2.  Quis  est 
nobilior  rege  huius  nationis?  3.  Hortus  huius  agricolae  est 
pulchrior  quam  hortus  illfus.  4.  Aestate  noctes  sunt  brevi- 
ores  quam  hieme.      5.  Filius  carior  patri  quam  matri  est. 

6.  Num  amicus  tuus  montem  altiorem  Iura  vid it?  7.  Nihil 
patriae  utilius  est  quam  bonae  leges.  8.  Narratne  poeta 
fabulam  de  hominibus  audacioribus  quam  Romanls  ? 
9.  Romae  leges  sunt  praesidium  civitatis  firmius  quam 
milites. 

II.  1.  In  your  garden,  friend,  are  more  beautiful  flowers 
than  in  mine.  2.  The  teacher  is  too  kind  to  his  pupils  who 
are  bad  boys.  3.  The  Rhine  is  a  wider  river  than  the  Po. 
4.  A  horse  is  swifter  than  an  ass.  5.  The  orators  of  Greece 
are  more  famous  than  the  orators  of  Rome.  6.  In  ancient 
times  the  Romans  had  shorter  swords  than  the  Germans. 

7.  The  men  of  that  city  were  rather  proud  on  account  of 
their  victories.  8.  Africa  is  a  warmer  country  than  Europe. 
9.  Socrates,  the  Greek,  was  a  wiser  man  than  Hannibal,  the 
Carthaginian. 


Sandalia, 


THE    USE    OF   THE  SUPERLATIVE  79 

LESSON    XXXIX. 
The    Use    of    the    Superlative. 

124.  The  superlative  is  an  adjective  of  three  terminations 
of  the  first  and  second  declensions,  and  is  declined  as  such. 

Note.  —  The  superlative  is  often  used  to  express  not  the 
highest,  but  a  very  high  degree  of  the  quality. 

Example.  —  Mons  est  altissimus.  The  mountain  is  very 
high. 

Review  paragraphs  33  and  57. 

125.  Vocabulary, 

Rhodanus,  -1,  m.,  Rhone.  potens,  -entis,  powerful, 

signifer,  -T,  m.,  standard-  pudor,  -oris,  ///.,  shame, 

bearer.  sanctus,  -a,  -um,  sacred. 

pretiosus,  -a,  -um,  precious.  viridis,  -e,  green. 

avarus,  -a,  -um,  avaricious.  infelix,  -icis,  unhappy, 

opus,  -eris,  n.,  work.  pensum,  -1,  n.,  task. 
nunquam  (adv.),  never, 

126.  Exercises  in   Translation, 

I.  1.  Roma  erat  pulcherrima  omnium  urbium  Italiae. 
2.  Fratri  meo  carissimus  es,  amice.  3.  Carissimus  amicus 
fratris  mei  es:  4.  Si  avarus  eris,  amice,  nunquam  fellcissimus 
eris.  5.  German!  sumus  ;  Germanls  patria  est  caris- 
sima.  6.  Semper  inimlci  eramus  hominum  improbissimo- 
ruin.  7.  Quis  fabulas  pulchriores  narrat  quam  Vergilius? 
8.  Signifer  illius  legionis  fuit  vir  validissimus.     9.  Rhodanus 


So 


BEGINNERS'  LATIN  BOOK 


fuit  clarissimum  Galliae  flumen,  et  multa  sancta  templa 
in  ripls  fuerunt.  10.  Libertas  est  pretiosissimum  donum 
quod  del  mortalibus  ho  minibus  dederunt. 

II.  i.  The  soldiers  of  this  most  famous  legion  fought 
bravely.  2.  The  green  leaves  of  the  trees  which  we  see 
in  summer  are  more  beautiful  than  the  snow  of  winter. 
3.  I  am  the  most  unhappy  of  all  men.  4.  The  works  of 
my  friend,  the  poet,  are  excellent ;  the  works  of  Vergil  are 
more  excellent;1  the  works  of  Homer  are  most  excellent. 
5.  Of  all  the  Gauls,  the  Belgians  are  the  bravest.  6.  The 
teacher  gave  his  pupils  a  very  severe  task.  7.  In  ancient 
times  the  Persians  were  the  bravest  people  of  Asia.  8.  For 
a  long  time  the  kings  of  the  Persians  were  the  most  powerful 
of  all  the  kings  of  Asia.  9.  Afterwards  the  Greeks  fought 
with  the  Persians  for  the  liberty  of  their  country.  10.  The 
leaders  of  the  Greeks  were  more  prudent  and  the  soldiers 
braver  than  the  Persians. 

1  See  paragraph  132. 


Pluteus. 


COMPARISON  OF  ADJECTIVES  8 1 

LESSON  XL. 
Comparison  of  Adjectives  {Continued). 

127.  Six  adjectives  ending  in  -lis  drop  the  final  vowel 
of  the  stem  and  add  -limus  to  form  the  superlative.  They 
are  compared  as  follows  :  — 

Positive.  Comparative.  Superlative. 

facilis,  -e,  easy.  facilior,  -ius  facillimus,  -a,  -um 

difficilis,  -e,  difficult,  difiicilior,  -ius  difficillimus,  -a,  -um 

similis,  -e,  like.  similior,  -ius  simillimus,  -a,  -um 

dissimilis,  -e,  unlike,  dissimilior,  -ius  dissimillimus, -a, -um 

humilis,  -e,  low.  humilior,  -ius  humillimus,  -a,  -um 

gracilis,  -e,  slender,  gracilior,  -ius  gracillimus,  -a,  -um 

Note.  —  Review  paragraph  117. 

128.  The  following  adjectives  form  the  superlatives 
irregularly.     The  positives  are  seldom  used. 

(  extremus,  ) 
exterus,  outward.      exterior,  outer.    <  y  outmost. 

(  extimus,     > 

f  Infimus,       ) 
inferus,  below.  inferior,  lower.     \  >  lowest. 

( lmus,  > 

.  OT  _  i  postremus, ) 

posterus,  following,  posterior,  latter,  -j  Vlast. 

■  . .  •        7  •  /       ( supremus,  >     . 

superus,  above.  superior,  higher.  \  \  highest. 

( summus,     ) 

129.  Some  adjectives  derived  from  prepositions  and 
adverbs  occur  in  the  comparative  and  the  superlative  only ; 
they  follow :  — 


82  BEGINNERS'   LATIN  BOOK 

Preposition.  Comparative.  Superlative. 

cis,citra,  on  this  side,  citerior,  hither.  citimus,  hither  most. 

in,  intra,  within.        interior,  inner.  intimus,  inmost. 

prae,  pro,  before.        prior,  former.  primus,  first. 

{ nearest 
prope  (adv.),  near,    propior,  nearer,      proximus    \ 

I  next. 

ultra  (adv.),  beyond,  ulterior,  farther,    ultimus,  farthest. 

130.  Rule.  —  Adjectives  of  fitness,  nearness,  likeness, 
service,  inclination,  and  their  opposites,  are  followed  by 
the  dative. 

Example.  —  Hie  mons  est  similis  Iiirae. 
This  mountain  is  like  fur  a. 

131.  Exercises  in   Translation. 

I.  i.  Omnium  puellarum  quas  vidi,  gracillima  est  Cornelia. 

2.  Nihil    est    facilius   penso,    quod    magister    puero   dabit. 

3.  Consilium  patris  mei  est  utilius  quam  consilium  fratris 
mei.  4.  Poeta  est  dissimillimus  fratrl  suo,  militT  magna 
audacia.  5.  Iter  ex  urbe  in  ulteriorem  Galliam  est  diffi- 
cillimum  altissimls  montibus.  6.  Pulcherrimae  herbae  sunt 
non  semper  utilissimae.  7.  In  summo1  monte  sunt  variae 
bestiae.  8.  Gallia  est  terra  proxima  Hispaniae.  9.  In 
proximo  agro  dux  •  copiarum  Romanorum  locum  castris 
idoneum  paravit. 

II.  1.  That  beautiful  tree  is  rather  slender  but  very 
strong.  2.  Italy,  the  fatherland  of  Caesar,  is  a  low  country. 
3.  In  former  times  Italy  was  the  most  famous  country  of 
Europe.     4.  Those  men  had  been  in  hither  Gaul  for  many 

1  On  top  of  the  mountain. 


COMPARISON  OF  ADJECTIVES 


83 


years.  5.  The  top  of  the  mountain  was  seized  by  the 
forces  of  the  enemy.  6.  The  men  of  this  country  are 
very  unlike  the  men  of  Africa.  7.  The  man  who  carried 
the  gift  into  the  temple  was  the  son  of  a  peasant.  8.  Rome 
is  not  the  town  nearest  to  the  sea.  9.  The  trees  were 
higher  than  the  walls. 


LESSON   XLI. 


Comparison  of  Adjectives  (Continued). 


132.   The    following 
larly  :  — 

Positive. 
bonus,  -a,  -urn,  good. 
malus,  -a,  -um,  bad. 
magnus,  -a,  -urn,  great. 
parvus,  -a,  -um,  small. 
multus,  -a,  -um,  much. 
vetus  (gen.  -eris),  old. 

senex(gen.senis),  aged. 
iuvenis,  -e,  young. 


adjectives    are    compared    irregu- 


COMPARATIVE. 

melior,  -ius 
peior,  -ius 
maior,  -ius 
minor,  -us 

,  plus 

vetustior,  -ius 
senior 
maior  natu 
iunior  1 

minor  natu  J 


Superlative. 
optimus,  -a,  -um 
pessimus,  -a,  -um 
maximus,  -a,  -um 
minimus,  -a,  -um 
plurimus,  -a,  -um 
veterrimus,  -a,  -um 

maximus  natu 
minimus  natu 


Some  adjectives  are  compared  as  in  English,  by  means 
of  adverbs,  especially  those  ending  in  -us  following  a  vowel. 

Examples. — idSneus  (fit),  magis  idoneus,  maxime  ido- 
neus;  pius  (pious),  magis  pius,  maxime  pius ;  varius 
(various),  magis  varius,  maxime  varius. 


84 


BEGINNERS'   LATIN  BOOK 


133.    Declension  of  the  comparative  of  multus  :  — 


SlNGUL. 

\R. 

Plural. 

M.  and F. 

N. 

M.  and  F. 

N. 

N.  

plus 

plures 

plura 

G.  

pluris 

plurium 

plurium 

D.  



pluribus 

pluribus 

A.  

plus 

plures,  -is 

plura 

A.  

plure 

pluribus 

pluribus 

Note.  —  The  masculine  or  feminine  singular  of  the  compara- 
tive is  expressed  with  the  neuter  and  the  partitive  genitive. 

Example.  —  Plus  pecuniae  habet  quam  sapientiae. 

He  has  7nore  7noney  than  wisdom. 

The  dative  singular  is  not  found  in  classic  Latin. 


134. 


Vocabulary, 


f errum,  -I,  n.,  iron,  sword.  candidus,  -a,  -um,  white,  fair. 

fames,  -is,  f.,  hunger.  collis,  -is,  m.,  hill. 

pius,  -a,  -um,  pious.  verbum,  -I,  n.,  word. 

Helvetius,  -I,  m.,  an  Helvetian.  Helvetia,  -ae,  f.,  Helvetia. 

Alexander,  -dri,   m.,  Alexan-  contineS,  -ere,  -ui,  -tentus, 

der.  to  contain. 


135. 


Exercises  in   Translation. 


I.  i.  Nihil  est  melius  quam  sapientia.  2.  Sol  maior 
est  quam  terra;  luna  minor  est  quam  terra.  3.  Urbs 
Roma  maxima  et  pulcherrima  est  omnium  Italiae  urbium. 
4.  Dux  Poenorum  fuit  senior  quam  rex  Romanus,  et  urbs 
illius  fuit  vetustior  urbe  huius.  5.  Plurimae  Graeciae 
civitates   liberae    erant.       6.  Plures   homines   ferro   necati 


ABLATIVE    OF  DEGREE   OF  DIFFERENCE         85 

sunt  quam  fame.  7.  Num  fuerunt  sacerdotes,  qui  erant 
in  templls  Romanis,  magis  pii  quam  sacerdotes  Graecorum  ? 
8.  Primo  bello  Punico  RomanI  maximas  classes  aedifica- 
verunt.  9.  Plures  candid!  homines  in  Europa  sunt  quam 
in  Africa. 

II.  1.  Alexander  was  the  greatest  man  of  his  time. 
2.  The  most  difficult  tasks  are  not  always  the  best  for  the 
pupils.  3.  Old  men  are  wiser  than  young  men.  4.  What 
place  is  more  fit  for  a  camp  than  this  hill?  5.  Many 
temples  of  Italy  and  Greece  are  very  old.  6.  The  Rhine 
is  the  largest  of  the  many  rivers  of  Germany.  7.  The 
best  oration  contains  the  most  wisdom,  but  not  always  the 
most  words.  8.  The  Gauls  fight  with  more  clamor  than 
the  Romans.  9.  Helvetia  is  a  smaller  country  than  Italy, 
but  the  Helvetians  are  larger  men  than  the  Romans. 


LESSON    XLII. 

The  Ablative  of  Degree  of  Difference. 

136.  Rule.  —  The  ablative  is  used  without  a  preposition 
to  express  the  degree  of  difference  between  two  persons  or 
things. 

Example.  — 

Roman!  erant  multS  fortiores  quam  hostes. 

The  Romans  were  much  braver  {braver  by  much)  than 
their  enemies. 


86  BEGINNERS'  LATIN  BOOK 

137.  Vocabulary. 

lupus,  -I,  m.,  wolf.  iiva,  -ae,  f.,  grape. 

vulpes,  -is,  f.,  fox.  Tiberis,    -is    (ace.    -im),    m., 
Graecus,  -a,  -um,   Greek.  Tiber. 

Tlclnus,  -I,  m.,  Ticinus.  defatlgo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  to 
Carthago,  -inis,  f.,  Carthage.  exhattst. 

led,  leonis,  m.,  lion.  numerus,  -I,  m.,  number. 
potens,-tentis,  powerful. 

138.  Exercises  in  T7-anslation. 

I.  i.  Vulpes  et  lupus  sunt  ferae;  hie  est  multo  validior 
quam  ille.  2.  Natio  Romana  fuit  maior  multis  gentibus  quam 
natio  Graeca.  3.  Galba,  agricola,  est  maior  natu  decern 
annls  quam  frater,  nauta.  4.  Tiberis  est  multo  maior  quam 
Padus ;  sed  hie  est  pulcherrimum  flumen  Italiae.  5.  Tici- 
nus est  flumen  citerioris  Galliae  et  est  clarissimus  fluvius. 
6.  Fossa,  quae  circum  urbem  est,  multis  pedibus  longior  est 
quam  murus.  7.  Carthago  fuit  urbs  parvo  vetustior  Roma. 
8.  Cicero  fuit  orator  multo  optimus  et  clarissimus  Romano- 
rum.  9.  Multo  maxima  terrae  pars  a  populls  antiquis  non 
visa  erat. 

II.  1.  The  forces  of  the  Romans  were  greater  by  a  large 
number  of  men  than  the  forces  of  the  enemy.  2.  The  pupil's 
task  was  very  easy,  but  he  had  been  exhausted  with  hunger. 
3.  Is  the  fox  much  shrewder  than  the  wolf  ?  4.  Who  has 
told  the  story  of  (de)  the  fox  and  the  grapes?  5.  The  story 
of  the  fox  and  the  grapes  is  older  by  far  than  the  story  of  the 
lion.  6.  The  number  of  the  Greeks  was  much  smaller  than 
the  number  of  the   Persians.     7.   But  the  bravery  of  the 


FORMATION   OF  ADVERBS  8? 

Greeks  was  much  greater  than  the  bravery  of  the  enemy. 
8.  The  Rhine  is  many  feet  wider  than  the  Po.  9.  The 
emperors  were  by  far  more  powerful  than  the  consuls. 


LESSON   XLIII. 
Formation   of  Adverbs. 

139.  Adverbs  derived  from  adjectives  of  the  first  and 
second  declensions  are  formed  by  dropping  the  final  vowel 
of  the  stem  and  adding  e. 

Adverbs  derived  from  adjectives  of  the  third  declension 
are  formed  by  adding  to  the  stem  -ter.  Stems  ending  in 
nti  drop  ti  before  the  addition. 


Adjective. 

Stem. 

Adverb. 

clarus 

claro 

clare,  illustriously. 

miser 

misero 

misere,  wretchedly. 

diligens 

diligenti 

diligenter,  diligently. 

nobilis 

nobili 

nobiliter,  nobly. 

Note.  —  The  adverb  corresponding  to  audax  is  audacter, 

boldly. 

140.   The  neuter  accusative  singular  of  some  adjectives 
is  used  as  an  adverb. 

The  neuter  ablative  singular  of  some  adjectives  is  used 
as  an  adverb. 

Adjective.  Adverb. 

multus  multum,  much, 

facilis  facile,  easily. 

primus  primS,  at  first. 


88  BEGINNERS'   LATIN  BOOK 

141.  Vocabulary. 

subitus,  -a,  -um,  sudden.  Scipio,  -onis,  m.,  Scipio. 

subito,  suddenly.  celeriter,  swiftly. 

feliciter,  successfully .  laete,  gladly. 

fideliter,  faithfully.  acriter,  sharply,  severely. 

fortiter,  bravely.  longe,  far. 

propero,   -are,    -avl,  -atus,    to       late,  widely. 

hasten.  graviter,  severely,  heavily* 

142.  Exercises  in   Translation. 

I.  i.  Scipio  cum  Poems  fortiter  pilgnavit.  2.  Caesar  cum 
prima  legione  celeriter  in  Italiam  properavit.  3.  Subito 
Caesar  cum  celeritate  in  Italiam  properavit.  4.  Laete  et 
diligenter  discipuli  magistro  laboraverunt.  5.  Caesar  cum 
ducibus  Gallorum  feliciter  pugnavit  et  eos  in  bello  supera- 
vit.  6.  Primo  milites  facile  pugnaverunt,  sed  postea  mul- 
tum  laboraverunt.      7.  Malus  plrata  acriter  castigatus  est. 

8.  Benignus  agricola  miserum  servum  nobiliter  muneravit. 

9.  Milites,  qui  audacter  pugnant,  sunt  non  semper  fortissimi. 

II.  1.  Scipio  was  diligently  educated  by  his  father  and 
his  mother.  2.  The  Roman  legions  fought  bravely  with  the 
soldiers  of  Hannibal  who  had  many  elephants.  3.  Those 
who  labor  faithfully  shall  be  praised.  4.  The  fields  of  the 
enemy  were  large  ;  the  Romans  devastated  them  far  and  wide. 

5.  Our  soldiers  were  brave  ;  in  all  battles  they  fought  skilfully. 

6.  The  soldiers  of  the  enemy  fought  badly ;  many  of  them 
were  severely  wounded.  7.  Then  suddenly  and  swiftly  they 
hastened  into  their  own  country.  8.  The  horsemen  of  hither 
Gaul  were  severely  blamed  by  the  commander.  9.  Many 
of  the  enemy  were  killed  in  battle,  more  were  wounded. 


COMPARISON  OF  ADVERBS 


89 


LESSON   XLIV. 

Comparison   of  Adverbs. 

143.  The  comparative  of  the  adverb  is  the  same  as  the 
neuter  comparative  of  the  adjective.  The  superlative  is 
formed  by  changing  the  final  -0  of  the  stem  of  the  adjective 
in  the  superlative  to  -e. 


Comparative.  Superlative. 

acrius  acerrime 

facilius  *  facillime 
prudentius  prudentissime 

pulchrius  pulcherrime 

Note.  —  Adverbs  are  irregularly  derived  from  irregular 
adjectives ;  but  the  comparative  and  the  superlative  are  formed 
according  to  the  rule  stated  above. 


Positive. 
acriter,  sharply. 
facile,  easily. 
prudenter,  prudently. 
pulchre,  beautifully. 


Positive. 

Comparative. 

Superlative. 

bene,  well. 

melius 

optime 

male,  ill. 

peius 

pessime 

. .  .,  greatly. 

magis,  more 

maxime,  especially, 

multum,  much 

plus 

plurimum 

parve,  little. 

minus 

minime 

144.  Vocabulary. 

et  .  . .  et  (conj.),  both  . .  .  and.  care,  dearly. 

regno,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  to  ride,  diutius,  for  a  longer  time. 

acritudo,  -inis,  fv  sharpness,  diutissime,  for  a  very  longtime* 

imperium, -i,n., suprane power.  Hibernia,  -ae,  f.,  Ireland. 

coniuro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  to  contra    (prep,    with     ace), 

conspire.  against. 

dimidium,  -I,  n.,  half.  tamen  (adv.),  nevertheless. 


90  BEGINNERS'   LATIN  BOOK 

145.  Exercises  in   Translation. 

I.  i.  Epistulae  tuae  magis  delectant  matrem  meara  quam 
patrem.  2.  Carmina  Homer!  et  senes  et  iuvenes  maxime 
delectant.  3.  Carthaginienses  fortissime  pugnaverunt,  tamen 
a  Romanis  superati  sunt.  4.  Somnus  aegrum  hominem 
magis  recreat  quam  cibus.  5.  Magister  pigros  discipulos 
gravissime  vituperavit  et  castlgavit.  6.  Pedites  nostrl  fortius 
pugnaverunt  quam  equites.  7.  Servi  Africae  bene  labora- 
verunt ;  servi  Asiae  melius  laboraverunt ;  sed  liberi  virl 
Europae  optime  laboraverunt.  8.  Victoria,  reglna,  prii- 
dentissime  regnavit,  multo  melius  quam  multl  reges  Romae. 
9.  Pigri  pueri  parve  laboraverant,  sed  pater  els  pulcherrima 
dona  dedit. 

II.  1.  The  children  were  very  dearly  loved  by  their 
parents,  especially  on  account  of  their  shrewdness.  2.  For 
a  long  time  consuls  ruled  in  the  Roman  state ;  for  a  longer 
time  kings  ruled ;  for  a  very  long  time  supremacy  was  held 
by  emperors.  3.  Ireland  is  smaller  by  a  half  than  Britain. 
4.  The  worst  citizens  conspire  against  the  state,  but  they 
are  often  severely  punished.  5.  The  better  part  of  man  is 
immortal.  6.  The  little  boy  told  the  story  rather  well. 
7.  The  Greeks  loved  their  country  more  than  the  Romans 
loved  their  native  land.  8.  What  is  a  worse  enemy  of  man 
than  death?  9.  They  fought  more  successfully  at  daybreak 
than  at  night. 


FOURTH  DECLENSION 


91 


LESSON   XLV. 
Fourth    Declension. 

146.  Nouns  of  the  fourth  declension  end  in  -us  and  -u ; 
the  stem  ends  in.-u  generally  weakened  to  -i  before  -bus. 
Those  having  the  nominative  in  -us  are  masculine  with  a 
few  exceptions,  those  in  -u  are  neuter. 

147.  Nouns  of  the  fourth  declension  are  declined  as  fol- 
lows :  — 


fructus,  -us, 

m.,  fruit ; 

cornu,  -us, 

n.,  horn,  flank  ; 

stem  fructu- 

stem 

cornu- 

SlNGULAR. 

Plural. 

Singular. 

Plural. 

N. 

fructus 

fructus 

cornu 

cornua 

G. 

fructus 

fructuum 

cornus 

cornuum 

D. 

fructui,  -u 

fructibus 

cornu 

cornibus 

A. 

fructum 

fructus 

cornu 

cornua 

V. 

fructus 

fructus 

cornu 

cornua 

A. 

fructu 

fructibus 

cornu 

cornibus 

Note.  —  The  following  retain  the  regular  dative  and  ablative 
plural  in  -ubus  :  artus,  joint ;  partus,  birth  ;  portus,  harbor  ; 
tribus,  tribe  ;  veru,  a  spit;  also  dissyllables  in  -cus. 

148.   Domus,  f.,  house,  home,  is  partly  of  the  second  and 
partly  of  the  fourth  declension,  and  is  inflected  as  follows  :  — • 
Singular.  Plural. 

N.     dom-us  dom-us 

G.     dom-us  dom-uum,  -orum 

D.     dom-uT,  -0  dom-ibus 

A.     dom-um  dom-os,  -us 

V.     dom-us  dom-us 

A.     dom-6,  -u  dom-ibus 


92  BEGINNERS'  LATIN  BOOK 

149.  Vocabulary, 

exercitus,  -us,  m.,  army.  maims,  -us,  f.,  hand,  band, 

metus,  -us,  m.,fear.  senatus,  -us,  m.,  senate. 

cantus,  -us,  m.,  song.  peditatus,  -us,  m.,  infantry. 

auctus,  -us,  m.,  growth.  equitatus,  -us,  m.,  cavalry. 

genu,  -us,  n.,  knee.  auctoritas,  -atis,  f.,  authority. 

anguis,  -is,  m.  and  f.,  snake.  Ariovistus,  -T,  m.,  Ariovistus, 

canto,  -are,  -avi,   -atus,  to  lateo,  -ere,   -ui,   — ,   to  lie 

sing.  hidden. 

propter  (prep,  with  ace),  on  account  of. 

150.  Exercises  in  Translation, 

I.  i.  Urbs  magna  Italiae  in  metu  erat  propter  Catihnam. 
2.  Fuitne  exercitus  Caesaris  multo  maior  quam  exercitus 
Ariovisti?  3.  Aves  cantu  suo  aures  hominum  delectant. 
4.  Quod  animal  plures  artus  habet  quam  anguis?  5.  Multae 
naves  in  portu  nostro  sunt,  sed  plures  Britanniae  in  portubus 
sunt.  6.  In  cantiL  Vergilius  poeta  cantat,  "  Frigidus  latet 
anguis  in  herba."  7.  Fructus  arborum  dulces  omnibus 
pueris  gratl  aestate  sunt.  8.  Pedites  exercitus  Roman! 
cornii  sinistrum  Gallorum  superaverunt,  equites  Romano- 
rum  cornu  Gallorum  dextrum  fugaverunt.  9.  Milites 
Caesaris  manus  hostium  magnas  vlderunt. 

II.  1.  Horsemen  are  in  the  cavalry ;  foot-soldiers  are  in 
the  infantry.  2.  Julius  Caesar,  that  famous  commander, 
had  large  bands  of  soldiers.  3.  With  his  strong  hands,  the 
farmer  labors  diligently.  4.  Many  large  animals  fight  with 
their  horns.  5.  The  senate  of  the  Romans  was  a  body  of 
old  and  wise  men.     6.  Great  was  the  authority  of  Cicero  in 


FIFTH  DECLENSION 


93 


the  Roman  senate.  7.  The  growth  of  large  trees  is  not  very 
rapid.  8.  The  men  of  that  German  tribe  dwelt  in  large 
houses.     9.  Hands,  feet,  and  knees  are  parts  of  the  body. 


LESSON    XL, VI. 
Fifth    Declension. 

151.  Nouns  of  the  fifth  declension  end  in  -es,  and  the 
stem  ends  in  -e.  All  nouns  of  this  declension  are  feminine 
with  the  exception  of  dies,  which  is  always  masculine  in  the 
plural,  and  generally  in  the  singular.  The  e  of  the  stem  is 
shortened  in  the  genitive  and  dative  singular  when  preceded 
by  a  consonant. 

152.  Nouns  of  the  fifth  declension  are  declined  as  fol- 
lows :  — 


dies,  -el,  m.,  day  ; 
stem  die- 

Singular.  Plural. 

N.     dies  dies 

G.     die!  dierum 

D.     die!  diebus 

A.      diem  dies 

V.      dies  dies 

A.      die  diebus 


res,  rei,  f.,  thing,  affair ; 
stem  re- 

Singular.     Plural. 

res  res 

rei  rerum 

rei  rebus 

rem  res 

res  res 

re  rebus 


Note.  —  Only  dies  and  res  are  complete  in  the  plural, 
few  other  nouns  have  nominative  and  accusative  plural. 


94  BEGINNERS'   LATIN  BOOK 

153.  Vocabulary, 

acies,  -el,  f.,  line  of  battle.  fides,  -ei,  f.,  faith, 

planities,  -el,  f.,  \  res  publica,  f.,  republic, 

planicies,  -el,  f.,  \  plain.  meridies,  -el,  m.,  noon, 

planitia,  -ae,  f.,    J  salus,  -utis,  f.,  safety. 

spes,  -ei,  f.,  hope.  Miltiades,  -is,  m.,  Miltiades, 

pernicies,  -ei,  f.,  destruction.  initium,  n.,  beginning, 

civilis,  -e,  civil  (of  a  state).  certus,  -a,  -urn,  certain, 

perniciosus,  -a,  -um,  destruc-  medius,  -a,  -um,  middle, 
tive. 

154.  Exercises  in  Translation, 

I.  i.  Bella  civilia  rel  publicae  Romanorum  perniciosa 
fuerunt.  2.  Fortitudo  Germanorum  legionum  Roman- 
orum pernicies  fuit.  3.  Aestate  dies  multo  longiores  sunt 
quam  hieme.  4.  Spes  salutis  animos  Germanorum  com- 
plevit  gaudio.  5.  In  dextro  aciei  Romanae  cornu  erant 
equites  sociorum.  6.  Initio  die!  media  in  acie  Persae,  sed 
in  cornibus  aciei  Graeci  victores  fuerunt ;  meridie  victoria 
Graecorum  certa  erat.  7.  Prudentia  Miltiadis  et  fortitudo 
militum  rem  publicam  a  perniciie  servavit.  8.  GermanI  fide 
et  probitate  multas  gentes  superabant.  9.  In  Helvetia  sunt 
non  magnae  planities. 

II.  1.  The  beginnings  of  many  things  are  small.  2.  The 
Roman  senate  praised  the  faith  of  the  allies.  3.  The  Roman 
republic  was  ruled  by  the  senate  and  the  consuls.  4.  The 
smallest  things  often  have  been  the  cause  of  the  severest 
wars.  5.  The  brave  leader  holds  a  long  sword  in  his  right 
hand.     6.  The  brave  general  Miltiades  formed  a  battle  line 


PERSONAL  PRONOUNS  95 

on  the  plain  with  cavalry  and  infantry,  f .  The  increase  of 
the  fire  frightened  the  inhabitants  of  the  city.  8.  The  homes 
of  great  men  are  not  always  filled  with  joy.  9.  Who  tells 
the  story  about  the  birth  of  Romulus  ? 


LESSON    XLVIL 
Personal  Pronouns. 

155.  In  Latin  there  is  a  simple  personal  pronoun  of  the 
first  person,  one  of  the  second,  but  none  of  the  third.  The 
nominative  of  the  personal  pronouns  is  not  expressed  except 
for  emphasis  or  contrast. 

The  place  of  the  personal  pronoun  of  the  third  person  is 
supplied  by  the  demonstratives. 

The  personal  pronouns  of  the  first  and  second  persons 

are  declined  as  follows :  — 

First  Person.  Second  Person, 

singular.  plural.  singular.  plural. 


N. 

ego 

nos 

tu 

V03 

G. 

mei 

nostrum,  nostri 

tin 

vestrum,  vestri 

D. 

milii 

nobis 

tibi 

vobis 

A. 

me 

nos 

te 

vos 

A. 

me 

nobis 

te 

vobis 

Note. — Nostrum  and  vestrum  are  chiefly  used  as  partitive 
genitives. 

156.  The  simple  personal  pronouns  of  the  first  and  second 
persons  are  also  used  as  reflexives,  but  there  is  a  special 
reflexive  form  for  the  third  person,  which  is  declined  as 
follows :  — 


96  BEGINNERS'   LATIN  BOOK 


N. 
G. 

Singular. 

Plural. 

■ul 

Sill 

D. 

sibi 

sibi 

A. 

se.  sese 

se,  sese 

A. 

se,  sese 

se.  sese 

Note.  —  When  the  preposition  cum  is  used  with  the  simple 
personal  and  reflexive  pronouns,  it  is  always  an  enclitic. 

157.  Exercises  in  Translation. 

I.  i.  Epistula  tua,  frater,  mihi  magnam  voluptatem  dabat. 

2.  Multi   nostrum    fellces    sunt,    multi    vestrum    infellces. 

3.  Ego  sum  poeta,  tu  es  rex,  is  est  sacerdos.  4.  Nihil  tibi 
carius  est  quam  patria.  5.  Vitae  feminarum  et  Hberorum  a 
vobis  servatae  sunt.  6.  Dedimus  laudem  vobis  et  els  cele- 
ritate.  7.  Ego  me  castlgo  ;  tu  te  laudas.  8.  Amicus  nos 
ad  se  vocavit.     9.  Frater  poetae  nobiscum  in  Graecia  fuit. 

II.  1.  In  you  and  me  and  in  all  of  us  there  are  immortal 
souls.  2.  You  are  Greeks  ;  I  am  a  Roman  citizen.  3.  The 
poet  will  not  praise  him.  4.  You  have  refreshed  us  with 
food.  5.  The  soul,  the  better  part  of  myself,  is  immortal; 
the  body  is  mortal.  6.  The  teacher  has  praised  you  and 
me,  for  we  have  been  diligent.  7.  The  farmer  praises  him- 
self, but  I  do  not  praise  him.  8.  O  leader,  the  lives  of  the 
soldiers  have  been  saved  by  you.  9.  The  story  of  the  Punic 
war  is  known  to  us  all. 


REVIEW  IN   VOCABULARY 


97 


LESSON    XLVIII. 

Review   in  Vocabulary. 

158.  The  following  vocabulary  contains  all  the  new  words 
introduced  since  Lesson  XXXII.  These  words  should  be 
studied  with  great  care ;  the  English  equivalents  should  be 
learned,  and  the  spelling  and  the  quantity  of  vowels  should 
be  mastered. 


159. 

Wc 

ird  List. 

acer 

cantus 

dies 

Felix 

acies 

care 

difficilior 

fellx 

acriter 

Carthago 

dlligenter 

ferrum 

acritud5 

celeber 

dimidium 

fertilis 

admirabilis 

celer 

dissimilis 

fidelis 

Alexander 

celeritas 

diutius 

fldeliter 

ambulo 

celeriter 

doceo 

fides 

anguis 

certus 

domus 

firmus 

Ariovistus 

citerior 

dulcis 

floreo 

artus 

civilis 

ego 

folium 

asinus 

clare 

egregius 

fortior 

auctoritas 

cognomen 

epistula 

fortis 

auctus 

collis 

equester 

fortiter 

auged 

communis 

equitatus 

forum 

audax 

compleo 

exemplum 

frigidus 

avarus 

coniuro 

exercitus 

fructus 

bene 

contineo 

exterior 

gaudeo 

brevis 

contra 

facile 

genii 

calidus 

cornu 

facilis 

gracilis 

candidus 

defatigo 

fames 

Graecus 

canto 

deleo 

fellciter 

gramen 

98 


BEGINNERS'   LATIN  BOOK 


gravis 

melior 

planities 

slgnifer 

graviter 

meridies 

plus 

simillime 

habeo 

metus 

portus 

Socrates 

Helvetia 

Miltiades 

posterus 

spes 

Helvetius 

minor 

potens 

subito 

Hibernia 

misere 

pretiosus 

subitus 

hiemo 

moneo 

prim  6 

suT 

humilis 

mortalis 

prior 

Sulla 

iaceo 

multum 

prope 

superior 

immortalis 

natu 

propero 

tamen 

imperium 

nihil 

propter 

tene5 

improbus 

nobilis 

proximus 

Tiberis 

imprudens 

nobiliter 

prudens 

Ticlnus 

infelix 

numerus 

pudor 

trans 

inferus 

nunquam 

Punicus 

tribus 

ingens 

omnis 

quam 

triginta. 

initium 

opus 

quattuor 

Troia 

innocens 

oratio 

regio 

tu 

intra 

Padus 

regno 

ulterior 

iunior 

partus 

res 

iitilis 

iuvenis 

pax 

res  publica 

uva 

laete 

peditatus 

Rhodanus 

terbum 

late 

peior 

rusticus 

verii 

lateo 

pensum 

salubris 

vester 

latus 

perlculosus 

saliis 

vetus 

le5 

pernicies 

sanctus 

.  vetustior 

lugeo 

perniciosus 

sapiens 

video 

lupus 

pius 

ScTpio 

violo 

maior 

planicies 

senatus 

viridis 

manus 

planitia 

senior 

vulpes 

medius 

POSSESSIVE  ADJECTIVES  99 

/ 
LESSON  XLIX. 

Possessive  Adjectives. 

160.  The  possessive  adjectives  are  formed  from  the  stems 
of  simple  personal  and  reflexive  pronouns.  They  are  some- 
times used  as  pronouns.  They  are  adjectives  of  the  first 
and  second  declensions.  The  gender,  number,  and  case  of 
these  adjectives  are  determined  by  the  thing  possessed. 
These  adjectives  are  as  follows  :  — 

Singular  Ownership, 
singular.  plural. 

meus,  -a,  -um,  my.  mel,  -ae,  -a 

tuus,  -a,  -um,  thy,  your.  tui,  -ae,  -a 

suus,  -a,  -um,  his,  her,  its.  sui,  -ae,  -a 

Plural  Ownership, 
singular.  plural. 

noster,  -tra,  -trum,  our.  nostri,  -ae,  -a 

vester,  -tra,  -trum,  your.  vestrl,  -ae,  -a 

suus,  -a,  -um,  their.  sui,  -ae,  -a 

Notes.  —  a.  When  these  words  are  used  as  pronouns  they 
are  translated  :  mine,  thine,  his,  ours,  etc. 

b.  The  vocative  of  meus,  in  the  masculine  singular,  is  mi. 

c.  Review  paragraphs  40  and  41. 

161.  Vocabulary. 

onus,  -eris,  n.,  load,  burden.  ora,  -ae,  f.,  coast. 

oculus,  -1,  m.,  eye.  latebra,  -ae,  f.,  hiding-place. 

erro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  to  err.  crux,  crucis,  f.,  cross. 

cultus,  -us,  m.,  culture.  cymba,  -ae,  f,  skiff,  small  boat. 

allig6,-are,-avl,-atus,  to  tie  to.  populus,  -I,  f.,  poplar  tree. 


IOO  BEGINNERS'   LATIN  BOOK 

162.  Exercises  i?i   Translation. 

I.  i.  Amicus  meus  vir  probus  est.  2.  Magister  laudat 
f Ilium  tuum ;  vituperat  meum.  3.  Terra  nostra  nunquam 
provincia  Romana  fuit,  vestram  Roman!  occupaverunt. 
4.  Mi  fill,  cur  non  amas  magistrum  tuum?  5.  Onus  suum 
est  gravius  quam  tuum.  6.  Orae  vestrae  semper  latebrae 
plratarum  fuerunt.  7.  Mi  amice,  cur  non  fuisti  attentus? 
8.  Rex  Graecorum  cum  copiis  suis  castra  Persarum  oppug- 
navit.     9.  Incolae  insulae  nostrae  mox  erunt  periti  nautae. 

II.  1.  I  have  seen  the  enemy  with  my  own  eyes. 
2.  Very  many  of  our  soldiers  have  been  killed  because 
the  general  erred.  3.  My  books  contain  many  beautiful 
stories  about  the  cross.  4.  Our  culture  is  known  to  all  the 
peoples  of  Europe.  5.  The  sailors  praised  our  skiff,  which 
was  tied  to  a  high  tree  on  the  bank  of  the  river.  6.  The 
inhabitants  of  the  island  will  be  their  allies.  7.  In  the  first 
Punic  war  the  army  of  the  Roman  people  was  routed  by 
the  Carthaginians.  8.  The  high  poplars  which  are  in  your 
garden  are  very  beautiful.  9.  The  people  of  Greece  in 
our  time  are  not  noted  on  account  of  their  wisdom  and 
culture. 


Gladu. 


LOCATIVE    CASE    .. 


iOl 


LESSON    L. 

Locative  Case. 

163.  The  place  where  is  denoted  by  the  ablative  with  the 
preposition  in  (locative  ablative).  But  names  of  towns  and 
small  islands,  and  a  few  other  nouns,  are  put  in  the  locative 
case. 

The  locative  has  the  following  endings  in  the  several 
declensions  :  — 

Singular.         Plural. 

First  declension -ae  -is 

Second  declension      .     .     .     .     -1  -is 

Third  declension -i  (-e)  -ibus 

Note.  —  Observe  that  the  locative  in  the  first  and  the  second 
declension  singular  has  the  same  form  as  the  genitive ;  in  the 
plural  and  in  the  third  declension  it  has  the  same  form  as  the 
dative  or  the  ablative. 


164. 


Vocabulary. 


riis,  ruris  (loc,  ruri),  n.,  the 

country  (opposed  to  the  city) . 
militia,  -ae  (loc.  militiae),  f., 

the  field  of  battle. 
domus,  -us    (loc.  domi),  f., 

home. 
humus,  -I  (loc.  humi),  f.,  the 

ground. 
-que  (enclitic),  and. 


Athenae,    -arum,    f.     (plu.), 

Athens. 
Delphi,  -orum,  f.  (plu.),  Delphi. 
Zama,  -ae,  f.,  Zama. 
Ephesus,  -T,  f.,  Ephesus. 
Apollo,  -inis,  m.,  Apollo. 
Atheniensis,    -is,    m.,  an 

Athenian. 
oraculum,  -I,  n.,  oracle. 


-I02  BEGINNERS'   LATIN  BOOK 

165.  Exercises  in   Translation. 

I.  i.  Hieme  rex  in  urbe,  aestate  run  habitat.  2.  Athenis 
in  Graecia  erant  multa  et  pulchra  templa  deorum.  3.  Del- 
phis  Apollinis  oraculum  fuit.  4.  Dux  copiarum  Romanorum 
militiae  necatus  est.  5.  Zama  fuit  urbs  Africae ;  Zamae 
pugnatum  est.  6.  EphesT,  urbe  Asiae,  erat  celeberrimum 
templum  Dianae.  7.  Post  pugnam  multa  corpora  hominum 
et  equorum  hum!  iacebant.  8.  Athenienses  domi  militiae- 
que  clarissimi  fuerunt.  9.  Rex  Romae  in  pulchro  aedifici5 
Romae  habitabat. 

II.  1.  Hannibal,  who  lived  at  Carthage,  fought  with  the 
Romans.  2.  Caesar  and  Scipio  were  famous  both  at  home 
and  on  the  field  of  battle.  3.  In  Rome,  a  city  of  Italy,  there 
were  many  temples  of  the  gods.  4.  The  arts  and  sciences 
flourished  at  Athens,  for  Greece  was  famous  on  account  of 
wisdom  and  culture.  5.  My  friend,  why  are  you  lying  on 
the  ground?  6.  Where  is  your  brother?  I  have  not  seen 
him  for  a  long  time.  7.  He  has  been  sick ;  he  is  at  home, 
at  Rome.  8.  In  the  country,  in  the  summer,  there  are 
beautiful  green  trees.     9.   In  ancient  times,  many  men  were 

.  advised  by  the  oracle  which  was  at  Delphi. 


Ancora. 


CONSTRUCTIONS   OF  PLACE 


I03 


LESSON  LI. 

Constructions   of  Place. 

166.  Rules.  —  a.  The  place  from  which  is  regularly 
expressed  by  the  ablative  with  a  proposition,  a,  ab,  de,  e, 
or  ex ;  but  names  of  towns  and  small  islands,  also  domus 
and  rus;  omit  the  preposition. 

b.  The  place  to  which  is  regularly  expressed  by  the 
accusative  with  the  preposition  ad  or  in ;  but  names  of 
towns  and  small  islands,  also  domus  and  rus,  omit  the 
preposition. 


Examples  :  — 

a.  A  Gallia  navigavit. 

He  sailed  away  from  Gaul. 

b.  Roma  properavit. 

He  hastened  away  from 
Rome. 


c.  In  Italiam  properavit. 

He  hastened  into  Italy. 

d.  Romam  navigavit. 

He  sailed  to  Rome. 


167. 


Vocabulary. 


e  or  ex  (prep,  with  ab\.),from. 
de  (prep,  with  abl.),  from. 
exspecto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  to 

await,  to  expect.    . 
demigrS,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  to 

go  away. 
adventus,    -us,    m.,    arrival, 

approach. 
legatus,    -1,    m.,   a?nbassador, 

lieutenant. 


a  or  ab  (prep,  with  ab\.),from. 
ad  (prep,  with  ace),  to,  toward. 
navigo,   -are,   -avi,   -atus,  to 

sail. 
iuvo,    -are,    iiivi,    iutus,    to 

aid. 
r§3     frumentaria,    {.,    grain 

supply. 
comes,  -itis,   m.,  coinrade. 
Sparta,  -ae?  f.,  Sparta. 


104  BEGINNERS'.  LATIN  BOOK 

168.  Exercises  in  Translation. 

I.  i.  Legati  Atheniensium  Spartam  properaverunt.  2.  Res 
frumentariae  in  urbem  portatae  sunt ;  nam  incolae  adventum 
militum  expectabant.  3.  Mercurius  Jomo  Iovis  Athenas 
in  templum  volavit.  4.  Mi  amice,  ambulabisne  ex  urbe  in 
silvam?  5.  Hannibal,  qui  fuit  dux  Poenorum,  Carthagine  in 
Hispaniam  properavit.  6.  Comites,  post  pugnam  domum 
navigabimus.     7.  Puellae  puerlque  ex  urbe  rus  ambulabunt. 

8.  Agricola,  qui  Athenis  sacerdotem  necavit,  rus  properavit. 

9.  Milites,  qui  in  urbem  vocati   erant,  homines  celerrime 
iuverunt. 

II.  1.  Arms  were  carried  into  the  town  by  the  soldiers. 
2.  The  inhabitants,  whose  town  had  been  taken  by  storm, 
departed  into  the  country.  3.  Many  ships  sailed  from 
Europe  to  Africa,  and  from  Africa  to  Asia.  4.-  I  have  not 
conspired  with  the  Greeks  at  Athens.  5.  In  winter,  birds 
fly  to  warm  countries.  6.  Who  see  from  the  high  moun- 
tains into  the  city  which  lies  in  the  plain?  7.  Within  ten 
days,  Caesar  will  hasten  to  Gaul.  8.  What  ship  brought  back 
the  greatest  number  of  slaves  from  Africa  to  Rome?  9.  The 
sick  soldiers  were  carried  from  the  ship  by  their  comrades. 


Pharetra  cum  Sagittis. 


THE  DEMONSTRATIVES  ISTE,   IPSE,  IDEM    105 


LESSON  LII. 

The   Demonstratives    iste,    ipse,    Idem. 

169.     The    demonstrative   iste,    that,    that  of  yours,    is 
declined  as  follows  :  — 


Singular. 

Plural. 

M. 

F. 

TV. 

M. 

F. 

N. 

N. 

iste 

ista 

istud 

isti 

istae 

ista 

G. 

istius 

istius 

istius 

istorum 

istarum 

is  tor 

D. 

isti 

isti 

isti 

istis 

istis 

istis 

A. 

is  turn 

istam 

istud 

istos 

istas 

ista 

A. 

isto 

ista 

isto 

istis 

istis 

istis 

Note.  —  Iste  is  used  in  reference  to  that  which  is  related  to 
the  person  being  addressed,  and  for  that  reason  is  called  the 
demonstrative  of  the  second  person.  It  is  also  used  to  express 
contempt. 

Example : — 

Iste  amicus  patrem  necavit ! 

That  friend  of  yours  has  killed  his  father  ! 

170.  The  demonstrative  ipse,  himself  herself  etc.,  is 
declined  as  follows  :  — - 


Singular. 
M,  F.  N. 

N.    ipse  ipsa  ipsum 

G.    ipsius  ipsius  ipsius 

D.    ipsi  ipsi  ipsi 

A.    ipsum  ipsam  ipsum 

A.    ipso  ipsa.  ipso 


Plural. 
M.  F.  N. 

ipsi  ipsae  ipsa 

ipsorum  ipsarum  ipsorum 

ipsis  ipsis  ipsis 

ipsos  ipsas  ipsa 

ipsis  ipsis  ipsis 


io6 


BEGINNERS'    LATIN  BOOK 


Note..  —  Ipse,  himself,  the  emphatic  appositive  pronoun,  is 
used  with  a  noun  or  pronoun  (even  though  understood)  with 
which  it  agrees  as  does  an  adjective.  It  also  means  very  in  the 
sense  of  real  or  true. 

Example  :  — 

Caesar  ipse  fuit  dux  exercitus. 

Caesar  himself  was  the  leader  of  the  army. 

171.     The    demonstrative    idem,    same,    is   declined    as 


follows  :  - 

Singular. 

M. 

F. 

N. 

N. 

idem 

eadem 

idem 

G. 

eiusdem 

eiusdem 

eiusdem 

D. 

eidem 

eidem 

eidem 

A. 

eundem 

eandem 

idem 

A. 

eodem 

eadem 

Plural. 

eodem 

M. 

F. 

Ar. 

N. 

eidem 

eaedem 

eadem 

G. 

eorundem 

earundem 

eorundem 

D. 

eisdem 

eisdem 

eisdem 

A. 

eosdem 

easdem 

eadem 

A. 

eisdem 

eisdem 

eisdem 

Note.  —  The   inflected    part   of    idem   is   declined    like   is, 
m  before  d  changing  to  n. 

Review  paragraph  63  for  double  forms  in  the  plural. 


172.  Exercises  in   Translation. 

I.    i.  Omnium  civitatum  leges  noli  eaedem  sunt.     2.  Car- 
thago et  Corinthus  eodem  anno  a  Romanls  expugnatae  sunt. 


THE  DEMONSTRATIVES  ISTE,   IPSE,   IDEM    107 

3.  Iste  liber,  quem  dedisti  mihi,  est  gratissimus.  4.  Fabula 
ilia  nocte  a  rege  ipso  narrata  est.  5.  Cui  istum  florem 
donabis,  mi  fill?  6.  1st!  amici  sunt  fllii  militum  ipsorum. 
7.  Roman!  ipsi,  quorum  fortitudo  magna  erat,  omnes  Italiae 
gentes  superaverunt.  8.  A  quibus  exercitus  Persarum  fuga- 
tusest?  A  Graecis  ipsis.  9.  Ildem  homines  eadem  opera 
saepe  laudant  et  vituperant.  10.  Homines  sapientes  se  ipsi 
non  laudant. 

II.  1.  The  man  of  whom  you  told  the  story  praised  him- 
self. 2.  The  poet  himself  praised  the  farmer ;  for  he  had  many 
good  books.  3.  The  wisdom  of  that  son  of  yours  is  most 
admirable.  4.  Did  the  peoples  of  Greece  and  Rome  have 
the  same  gods?  5.  Jupiter  himself  was  the  king  of  all  the 
gods  of  the  Romans  and  of  the  Greeks.  6.  Many  men  do 
not  rejoice  about  the  same  things  on  the  same  day.  7.  I 
have  been  aided  by  that  son  of  yours.  8.  I  have  given  my 
best  gift  to  that  unrighteous  man.  9.  Those  women  have 
had  joy  and  sorrow  on  the  same  day.  10.  The  man  loves 
himself  and  all  men. 


Scuta, 


io8 


BEGINNERS'   LATIN  BOOK 


LESSON    LIII. 
Indefinite    Pronouns. 


173.   The  : 

following  pr 

and  are  used 

as  their  Ei 

M. 

F. 

aliquis 

aliqua 

quldam 

quaedam 

quisque 

quaeque 

quivis 

quaevis 

quisquam 

quaequam 

quispiam 

quaepiam 

qullibet 

quaelibet 

quis 

qua,  quae 

N. 
aliquid,  some,  any. 
quiddam,  a,  a  certain. 
quidque,  every,  each. 
quidvis,  any  {you  please). 
quidquam,  any  one. 
quidpiam,  any  one,  anybody. 
quidlibet,  any  (you please). 
quid,  some,  any. 


174.   Aliquis,  some,  any,  is  declined  as  follows : 


Singular. 

M. 

F. 

N. 

N. 

aliquis 

aliqua 

aliquid 

G. 

alicuius 

alicuius 

alicuius 

D. 

alicui 

alicui 

alicui 

A. 

ali  quern 

aliquam 

aliquid 

A. 

aliquo 

aliqua 

Plural. 

aliquo 

M. 

F. 

N. 

N. 

aliqui 

aliquae 

aliqua 

G. 

aliquorum 

aliquarum 

aliquorum 

D. 

aliquibus 

aliquibus 

aliquibus 

A. 

aliquos 

aliquas 

aliqua 

A. 

aliquibus 

aliquibus 

aliquibus 

INDEFINITE   PRONOUNS 


IO9 


Quldam,  a,  a  certain,  is  declined  as  follows  :  • 


Singular. 

M. 

F. 

N. 

N. 

quldam 

quaedam 

quiddam 

G. 

cuiusdam 

cuiusdam 

cuiusdam 

D. 

cuidam 

cuidam 

cuidam 

A. 

quendam 

quandam 

quiddam 

A, 

quodam 

quadam 

Plural. 

quodam 

M. 

F. 

N. 

N. 

quidam 

quaedam 

quaedam 

G. 

quorundam 

quarundam 

quorundam 

D. 

quibusdam 

quibusdam 

quibusdam 

A. 

.  quosdam 

quasdam 

quaedam 

A. 

quibusdam 

quibusdam 

quibusdam 

Notes.  —  a.  All  the  indefinites  are  declined  like  aliquis  or 
quidam,  some  having  the  first  part  inflected,  and  others,  the 
last  part. 

b.  There  are  two  forms  in  the  nominative  and  accusative 
singular  neuter.     See  paragraph  66,  note  b. 

c.  A  superlative  adjective  may  be  placed  before  quisque : 
optimus  quisque,  every  best,  i.e.  the  best. 


175. 


Exercises  in  Translation. 


I.  1.  Graecia  parvum  quendam  locum  Europae  tenet. 
2.  Fortissimum  quemque  imperator  ad  se  vocavit.  3.  Sibi 
quisque  cams  est.  4.  Pessimus  quisque  socius  et  amicus 
Catilinae  fuit.  5.  Sunt  bestiae  quaedam,  in  quibus  est 
aliquid  virtuti  simile.     6.  "  Suum  cuK^ae,''  verbum  est  viri 


IIO  BEGINNERS'   LATIN  BOOK 

probl  et  iusti.  7.  Quidam  prima  luce  ad  castra  nostra 
ambulavit.  8.  Catilma  in  senatu  est,  videt  oculis  quemque 
nostrum.     9.  Quisque  homo  est  dominus  suae  fortunae. 

II.  1.  In  certain  parts  of  Italy  were  large  forests.  2.  The 
bravest  shall  be  our  leaders.  3.  Every  one  loves  his  own 
country.       4.   The    farmer  gave   some   money   to   his   son. 

5.  The  poet  gave  books  to  a  certain  one  of  his  daughters. 

6.  Life  is  dear  to  each  one  of  us.  7.  My  son  has  given 
that  book  of  yours  to  some  one.  8.  Many  of  the  enemy's 
soldiers  fought  bravely ;  some  of  them  were  severely 
wounded.  9.  Our  soldiers  were  skilful ;  in  every  battle 
they  fought  successfully. 

1 

.    LESSON    LIV. 

Pronominal    Adjectives. 

176.  The  following  words,  like  their  English  equivalents, 
are  sometimes  used  as  adjectives  and  sometimes  as  pro- 
nouns. They  are  declined  like  ipse,  ille,  or  iste.  See 
paragraph  170. 

alius,  -a,  -ud,  another,  alter,  -era,  -erum,  the  other. 

neuter,  -tra,  -trum,  neither.  nullus,  -a,  -urn,  no,  none. 

solus,  -a,  -um,  alone,  only.  totus,  -a,  -um,  whole. 

ullus,  -a,  -um,  any.  unus,  -a,  -um,  one,  alone. 

uter,  -tra,   -trum,  which  (of  uterque,utraque,utrumque, 
two).  each,  both. 

177.  Some  of  these  words  when  used  as  correlatives  have 
special  meanings.     As  follows  :  — 


PRONOMINAL   ADJECTIVES  HI 

alius  .  .  .  alius,  one  .  .  .  another. 

alii  ....  alii,  some  .   .   .  others. 

alius  .   .  .  aliud,  one,  one  thing  .   .   .  another,  another. 

alter  .  .   .  alter,  the  one  .  .  .  the  other. 

Example  :  — 

De  immortalibus  dels  alius  poeta  aliud  narrat. 

Concerning  the   immortal  gods  one  poet  tells   one  thing; 
another,  another. 

178.  Exercises  in  Translation. 

I.  i.  Caesar  erat  solus  imperator  exercitus.  2.  Utrius 
fortitudo  maior  fuit,  Hannibalis  an  (or)  Scipionis  ?  Uterque 
fortissimus  fuit.  3.  Rex  magna  d5na  neutri  filiorum  dedit. 
4.  Ille  improbus  vir  est  amicus  nulllus.  5.  Victoria  una 
erat  regina  totius  Britanniae.  6.  Alterl  militl  dux  gladium 
dedit,  alterl  hastam.  7.  Amicus  noster  est  poeta ;  alter 
vir,  quern  videmus,  est  miles.  8.  Consules  Romae  regnant ; 
in  aliis  terrls  reges  regnant.  9.  Vergilius  fuit  clarus  poeta, 
Cincinnatus  fuit  magnus  dux ;  uterque  fuit  bonus  vir. 

II.  1.  Some  men  love  themselves  more  than  their 
friends;  others  love  the  gods  best.  2.  Our  country  is 
free;  in  no  other  country  is  there  liberty.  3.  Europe 
and  Africa  are  large  countries ;  in  both  are  large  rivers. 
4.  At  one  time  Athens  was  the  largest  city  in  Europe ;  at 
another  time,  Rome.  5.  The  king  gave  praise  to  the  whole 
people  on  account  of  bravery  alone.  6.  Which  poet  was 
the  greater,  Vergil  or  Homer  ?  7.  One  man  is  not  an 
army ;  one  ship  is  not  a  fleet.  8.  Much  money  gives 
pleasure  to  no  one.  9.  Some  (not  none)  cities  are  larger 
than  Rome,  but  none  are  more  beautiful. 


112 


BEGINNERS'   LATIN  BOOK 


LESSON    LV. 
Cardinal    Numerals. 

179.  Cardinal  numbers  are  the  numbers  used  in  counting. 

28.  duodetriginta,  XXVIII. 

29.  undetriginta,  XXIX. 

30.  triginta,  XXX. 
40.  quadraginta,  XL. 
50.  quinquaginta,  L. 
60.  sexaginta,  LX. 
70.  septuaginta,  LXX. 
80.  octoginta,  LXXX. 
90.  nonaginta,  XC. 

100.  centum,  C. 

101.  centum  unus,  CI. 
200.  ducenti,  -ae,  -a,  CC. 
300.  trecenti,  CCC. 
400.  quadringenti,  CCCC. 
500.  qumgenti,  D. 
600.  sexcenti,  DC. 
700.  septingenti,  DCC. 
800.  octingenti,  DCCC. 
900.  nongenti,  DCCCC. 

1000.  mille,  M. 

5000.  qumque  milia,  IDD* 

10000.   decern  milia,  CCI33. 
milia,  CCCI333. 

180.  The  numerals  unus,  duo,  and  tres  are  declined  when 
standing  alone  and  also  when  combined  with  other  numbers, 
as  viginti  unus,  centum  unus,  etc.     The  other  cardinal  num- 


I. 

unus,  -a,  -um, 

I. 

2. 

duo,  duae,  duo, 

II. 

3- 

tres,  tria, 

III. 

4- 

quattuor, 

IV. 

5- 

quinque, 

V. 

6. 

sex, 

VI. 

7. 

septem, 

VII. 

8. 

octo, 

VIII. 

9- 

novem, 

IX. 

10. 

decern, 

X. 

11. 

undecim, 

XI. 

12. 

duodecim, 

XII. 

13- 

tredecim, 

XIII. 

14. 

quattuordecim, 

XIV. 

IS- 

qumdecim, 

XV. 

16. 

sedecim, 

XVI. 

17- 

septendecim, 

XVII. 

18. 

duodeviginti, 

XVIII. 

19. 

undeviginti, 

XIX. 

20. 

viginti, 

XX. 

21 . 

f  viginti  unus, 
L  unus  et  viginti, 

XXI. 

1 00000. 

centum 

CARDINAL   NUMERALS 


113 


bers  up  to  two  hundred  are  indeclinable.  The  hundreds, 
centum  not  included,  are  declined  like  the  plural  of  bonus, 
-a,  -um.  Mille  is,  in  the  singular,  an  indeclinable  adjective. 
In  the  plural,  it  is  used  as  a  neuter  noun  with  the  partitive 
genitive. 

181.  Unus  is  declined  like  the  singular  of  ipse  ;  see  para- 
graph 169.  Tres  is  declined  like  the  plural  of  acer;  see 
paragraph  106.     Duo  and  mille  are  declined  as  follows  :  — 


M. 

F. 

N. 

Singular. 

Plural. 

N. 

duo 

duae 

duo 

mille 

milia 

G. 

duorum 

duarum 

duorum 

mille 

milium 

D. 

duobus 

duabus 

duobus 

mille 

milibus 

A. 

duos,  duo 

duas 

duo 

mille 

milia 

A. 

duobus 

duabus 

duobus 

mille 

milibus 

182. 


Exercises  in   Translation. 


I.  1.  Graeci  Troiam  decern  annos  oppugnaverunt.  2.  In 
illo  proelio  centum  duodevlgintl  equites  vulnerati  sunt,  triginta 
unus  equites  necati  sunt.  3.  Caesar  duabus  legionibus  nova 
anna  donavit.  4.  In  castris  mille  pedites  et  ducenti  equites 
fuerunt.  5.  Unus  annus  duodecim  menses,  trecentos  sexa- 
ginta  quinque  dies  habet.  6.  In  ilia  pugna  decern  milia 
Romanorum  cum  quattuordecim  milibus  Gallorum  pugnave- 
runt.  7.  Homines  trium  magnarum  terrarum,  Europae, 
Asiae,  Africae,  sunt  dissimilliml.  8.  Habitantne  septuaginta 
quinque  milia  hominum  Romae?  9.  In  portu  erat  classis 
undequadraginta  navium. 

II.  1.  The  temple  of  Diana  was  four  hundred  and  fifty 
feet  long  and  two   hundred  and  twenty  feet   wide.      2.  A 


U4 


BEGINNERS'   LATIN  BOOK 


.great  tempest  has  destroyed  twenty- four  ships.  3.  The 
aames  of  the  seven  Roman  kings  are  not  known  to  all  pupils. 
4..  Twelve  great  emperors  ruled  at  Rome.  5.  A  year  has 
more  than  three  hundred  days.  6.  Three  Roman  legions 
were  destroyed  by  the  Germans.  7.  There  were  three  Punic 
wars.  8.  In  ancient  times  there  were  seven  wise  men  whose 
names  were  famous.  9.  A  good  man  gave  money  to  one 
hundred  and  twenty  slaves. 


LESSON    LVI. 

Ordinal   Numerals. 

183.  Ordinal  numerals  are  adjectives  derived  from  the 
cardinals  to  express  order  or  place.  They  are  declined  like 
bonus,  -a,  -um ;  see  paragraphs  41  and  48. 


1st.  primus,  -a,  -um. 
2d.  secundus  (or  alter). 
3d.  tertius. 

4th.  quartus. 

5  th.  quintus. 

6th.  sextus. 

7th.  septimus. 

8th.  octavus. 

9th.  nonus. 
10th.  decimus. 
nth.  undecimus. 
1 2th.  duodecimus. 
13th.  tertius  decimus. 
14th.  quartus  decimus. 
15th.  quintus  decimus. 
1 6th.  sextus  decimus. 


2 1  st. 


22d. 


17th.  septimus  decimus. 
1 8th.  duodevicesimus. 
19th.  undevicesimus. 
20th.  vicesimus. 

vicesimus  primus. 
.  iinus  et  vicesimus. 
vicesimus  secundus. 
L  alter  et  vicesimus. 
29th.  undetricesimus. 
30th.  tricesimus. 
40th.  quadragesimus. 
1  ooth.  centesimus. 
10 1  st.    centesimus  primus. 
200th.  ducentesimus. 
1  oooth.  millesimus. 
2000th.  bis  millesimus. 


ORDINAL   NUMERALS 


184.  Vocabulary, 


"5 


finis,  -is,  m.,  end,  border •;  (plu.)  Solon,  -onis,  m.,  Solon. 

territories.  Carthaginiensis,    -e,    Cartha- 

Alpes,  -ium,  f.  (plu.),  Alps.  ginian. 

bello,    -are,    -avi,     -atus,    to  moved,   -ere,   movi,    motus, 

wage  war.  to  move. 

Nilus,  -1,  m.,  Nile.  passus,  -us,  m.,  pace. 

sarcina,  -ae,   f ,  personal  bag-  mille  passus,  a  thousand  paces, 

gage.  a  mile. 

regnum,  -1,  n.,  supremacy,  reign,  milia  passuum,  thousands  of 

bis  (adv.),  twice.  paces. 

185.  Exercises  in  Translation. 

I.  1.  Solon  unus  et  primus  ex  illis  septem  sapientibus  fuit., 
quorum  nomina  antiquis  temporibus  clara  erant.  2.  Anno 
septimo  decimo  secundi  belli  Punici  Carthaginienses  Hanni- 
balem  ex  Italia  vocaverunt.  3.  Dies  est  trecentesima  sexa- 
gesima  quinta  pars  anni.  4.  Suntne  Alpes  altissimi  montes, 
quos  vidisti?  5.  Septem  fuerunt  reges  Roman! ;  primus  fuit 
Romulus,  Septimus,  Tarquinius  Superbus.  6.  Tertio  bello  Pu- 
nico  Carthago  a  Scipione  expugnata  et  deleta  est.  7.  Caesar, 
qui  in  finibus  Gallorum  bellavit,  primus  consul  Romae  non 
fuit.  8.  Tertio  decimo  die  castra  movit.  9.  Militibus  legi- 
onis  decimae,  fortissimis  totlus  exercitus,  laudem  dedit. 

\\.  1.  The  Nile  is  the  fourth  large  river  on  which  this  man 
has  sailed.  2.  Romulus  built  a  beautiful  city  twenty  miles 
from  the  sea.  3.  In  the  thirty  years'  war  many  cities  of 
Germany  were  devastated.  4.  Do  not  the  soldiers  of  the 
ninth  legion  carry  personal  baggage  on  the  march?     5.  On 


Il6  BEGINNERS'   LATIN  BOOK 

that  day,  the  greatest  part  of  the  enemy  was  killed  in  battle. 
6.  In  the  twentieth  year  of  the  reign  of  Romulus  there  was 
a  great  fire  in  Rome.  7.  In  the  third  watch  of  the  night, 
the  soldiers  hastened  from  the  hill  into  the  camp.  8.  In  his 
eightieth  year,  Cincinnatus  was  called  from  the  field  into  the 
army.  9.  In  the  arts,  Greece  was  first ;  Rome  was  first  in 
laws. 


LESSON    LVII. 
Two   Uses    of  the   Dative. 

186.  Rules.  —  a.   The  dative  is  used  with  sum  to  denote 
the  possessor. 

b.    The  dative  is  sometimes  used  to  express  that  of  which 
a  thing  fills  the  place,  and  for  which  it  serves. 

Examples  :  — 

a.  Agricolae  est  filia. 

To  the  farmer  is  a  daughter.    {The  farmer  has  a  daughter.} 

b.  Liberi  nobis  curae  sunt. 

The  children  are  for  a  care  to  us.     {The  children  are  a 
care  to  us.) 

187.  Vocabulary. 

medicus,  -1,  m.,  physician.  venerium,  -I,  n.,  poison. 

usus,  -us,  m.,  use.  medicma,  -ae,  f.,  mediciiie. 

vestitus,  -us,  m.,  clothing.  honor,  -oris,  m.,  honor. 

maritimus,  -a,  -um,  maritime.  porta,  -ae,  f.,  gate. 

praemium,  -1,  n.,  reward.  imperitus,  -a,  -um,  unskilled. 

impedimentum,   -1,    n.,   hin-  impedimenta,       -orum,       n. 
drance.  (phi-)>  baggage- 


TWO    USES   OF  THE  DATIVE  \\J 

188.  Exercises  in  Translation. 

I.  i.  Bonis  hominibus  sunt  multi  amici.  2.  Classis  mili- 
tibus  magno  usui  fuit.  3.  Medicus  venenum  medicinae 
nobis  dat.  4.  Gramen  vestltui  terrae  est.  5.  Multus  honor 
est  fortl  militi.  6.  Dux  magnum  exercitum  habet.  7.  Duel 
est  magnus  exercitus.  8.  Culque  maritimae  nation!  sunt 
multi  portus ;  culque  urbi,  multae  portae.  9.  Liber,  quern 
magister  puero  dedit,  fuit  praemio. 

II.  1.  The  high  mountains  which  we  see  are  a  protection 
to  the  town.  2.  Those  who  are  faithful  have  faithful  friends. 
3.  The  leader,  to  whom  there  was  great  fame,  took  by  storm 
many  beautiful  towns.  4.  The  river  was  a  way  to  the  enemy 
who  had  many  boats.  5.  The  bridge  was  a  protection  to 
the  town.  6.  The  unskilled  legion  was  a  guard  to  the 
baggage.  7.  The  death  of  the  skilful  leader  was  a  care 
to  Caesar.  8.  The  farmer's  daughters  give  money  to  the 
poor  girl  for  a  reward.  9.  The  Romans  had  large  fleets 
for  a  protection  to  their  harbors. 


Currus. 


u8 


BEGINNERS'  LATIN  BOOK 


LESSON    LVIII. 
The    Third    Conjugation. 

189.  All  verbs  whose  stem  ends  in  e  are  classed  under 
the  third  conjugation. 

Note.  —  Let  paragraph  53  be  reviewed. 

190.  Learn  the  indicative,  active  and  passive,  of  regere, 
to  rule. 

Principal  Parts  :     rego,  reggre,  rexi,  rectus. 


Active. 

SINGULAR.  PLURAL. 

1.  reg5  regimus 

2.  regis  regitis 

3.  regit  regunt 

1.  regebam  regebamus 

2.  regebas  regebatis 

3.  regebat  regebant 


Indicative. 

Present. 

singular. 
regor 

regeris,  -re 
regitur 

Imperfect. 
regebar 


Passive. 

PLURAL. 

regimur 
regimini 
reguntur 

regebamur 


regebaris,  -re     regebamini 
regebatur  regebantur 


Future. 

I. 

regain 

regemus 

regar 

regemur 

2. 

reges 

regetis 

regeris, 

-re 

regemini 

3- 

reget 

regent 

regetur 

Perfect. 

regentur 

I. 

2. 

3- 

rexi 

rexisti 

rexit 

reximus 
rexistis 
rexerunt, 

rectus, 

-a,  -um 
-ere 

r  sum 
;  es 
[  est 

{  sumus 
recti,  1 

\  estis 
-ae, -a 

I  sunt 

THE    THIRD    CONJUGATION 


119 


Pluperfect. 

1.  rexeram    rexeramus 

2.  rexeras      rexeratis 

3.  rexerat      rexerant 

Future  Perfect. 

1.  rexero        rexerimus 

2.  rexeris       rexeritis 


eram  f  eramus 

rectus,  recti,  1 

eras  \  eratis 


a,  -urn  -ae,  -a  . 

I  erat  I  erant 


{ero  (  enmus 

recti, 
eris  <  eritis 

-ae, -a 
erit  I  erunt 


191. 


Vocabulary, 


ago,  agere,  egl,  actus,  to  doy  littera,  -ae,  f.,  letter. 

to  drive.  instruo,  -ere,  -struxi,  -striic- 

contendo,   -ere,   -dT,  -tus?  to  tus,  to  draw  up. 

hasten.  mitto,  -ere,  misi,  missus,  to 

divido,  -ere,  -visi,  -visus,  to  send. 

divide.  scribo,  -ere,  scrips!,  scriptus, 

due 6,  -ere,  diixi,  ductus,  to  to  write. 

lead.  traho,  -ere,  traxi,  tractus,  to 

gero,  -ere,   gessi,   gestus,  to  draw. 

wage.  proditor,  -oris,  m.,  betrayer, 

vinea,  -ae,  f.,  besieging  shed. 


192. 


Exercises  in  Translation. 


I.  1.  Litteras  in  Hispaniam  misit.  2.  Caesar  legiones 
novas  in  Galliam  ducit.  3.  Populus  Romanus  cum  gentibus 
Galliae  bellum  gerebat.  4.  Caesar  epistulas  ad  senatores 
saepe  scrlpsit.  5.  In  hanc  provinciam  magnls  itineribus 
contendebat.  6.  Caesar  aciem  in  medio  colle  mstruxit. 
7.  Milites  proditorem  in  castra  traxerunt  et  lapidibus  neca- 
verunt.  8.  Dux  vlneas  ad  oppidum  egit.  9.  Tempore 
Caesaris  omnis  Gallia  in  partes  tres  dlvlsa  est. 


120  BEGINNERS'   LATIN  BOOK 

II.  i.  Caesar  divided  his  army  into  two  parts.  2.  The 
brave  commander  led  his  soldiers  across  the  Alps.  3.  Three 
legions  were  sent  against  that  town.  4.  Our  friend  has 
written  to  us ;  brother,  will  you  give  me  his  letter?  5.  What 
famous  general  boldly  waged  war  in  Gaul?  6.  One  half 
of  the  army  had  been  destroyed  by  the  enemy  who  were 
drawn  up  on  the  hill.  7.  Caesar's  army  hastened  into  Gaul 
with  the  Roman  eagle.  8.  Horses  drew  the  baggage  through 
the  forests  into  the  enemy's  country.  9.  In  ten  days  the 
general  will  have  sent  the  betrayer  to  Rome. 


LESSON    LIX. 
The   Third   Conjugation   (Continued). 

193.  Verbs  of  the  third  conjugation  in  -id  retain  the  i 
of  the  present  stem  before  a,  6,  u,  and  e,  but  lose  it  else- 
where except  in  the  future  and  in  the  participle  and  gerund. 

194.  Learn  the  indicative  active  and  passive  of  capere, 
to  take. 

Principal  Parts:  capio,  capgre,  cepi,  captus. 

Indicative. 

Active,  Passive. 

Present. 

singular.  plural.  singular.  plural. 

1.  capio  capimus  capior  capimur 

2.  capis  capitis  caperis,  -re  capimini 

3.  capit  capiunt  capitur  capiuntur 


THE    THIRD    CONJUGATION 


121 


Imperfect. 
I.   capiebam    capiebamus         capiebar 


2.  capiebas     capiebatis 

3.  capiebat      capiebant 


capiebamur 
capiebaris,  -re  capiebamini 
capiebatur        capiebantur 


1.  capiam 

2.  capies 

3.  capiet 


1.  cepi 

2.  cepisti 

3.  cepit 


1.  ceperam 

2.  ceperas 

3.  ceperat 


Future. 

capiemus  capiar  capiemur 

capietis  capieris,  -re  capiemini 

capient  capietur  capientur 


Perfect, 
cepimus 
cepistis 
ceperunt,  -ere 


fsum  sumus 

captus,  I  capti, 

\  es  i  estis 

-a,  -um  1  -ae,  -a  I 

est  I  sunt 


Pluperfect. 

ceperamus  f  eram  f  eramus 

captus,  I  capti,        _  . 

ceperatis  \  eras  i  eratis 

-a,  -um  I  -ae,  -a  | 

ceperant  i^erat  lerant 


1.  cepero 

2.  ceperis 

3.  ceperit 


Future  Perfect. 

ceperimus  fero  ferimus 

captus,  I  capti,        .  . 

ceperitis  \  ens  \  eritis 

-a,  -um  -ae,  -a  | 

ceperint  i^erit  lerunt 


195. 


Vocabulary. 


accipio,  -ere,  -cepi,  -ceptus, 

to  receive. 
cognosco,  -ere,  -novT,  -nitus, 

to  know. 
conficiS,  -ere,  -feci,  -fectus, 

to  finish. 


capio,    -ere,     cepi,     captus, 

to  take. 
cupio,  -ere,  -ivi,  -ltus,  to  desire. 
Aegyptus,  -1,  f.,  Egypt. 
Horatius    Codes,   -itis,    m., 

Horatius  Codes. 


122  BEGINNERS'   LATIN  BOOK 

facio,   -ere,   feci,    factus,    to  pons,  pontis,  m.,  bridge, 

make,  do.  vinco,  -ere,  vlcl,  victus,  to 

fugio,  -ere,  fugT, ,  to  flee.  conquer. 

incolo,  -ere,  -ui,  ,  to  in-  iussus,    -us,    m.,   order,   corn- 
habit,  mand. 

interficio,  -ere,  -feci,  -fectus,  Pompeius,  -1,  m.,  Pompey. 

to  kill.  cotidie  (adv.),  daily. 

196.  Exercises  in  Translation. 

I.  i.  Ariovistus  ad  Caesarem  legatos  misit;  id  sine  ullo 
penculo  fecit.  2.  Hostes  nostri,  qui  a  militibus  superati 
sunt,  pacem  cupiunt.  3.  Pons,  qui  a  Romanis  in  Tiber! 
factus  erat,  ab  Horatio  Coclite  defensus  est.  4.  Consules 
cotidie  epistulas  a  Caesare  accipiebant.  5.  Ea  pars  Galliae, 
quam  Celtae  incolunt,  initium  capit  a  flumine  Rhodano. 
6.  Iussu  consulls  interficieris,  Catilina.  7.  Pompeius,  qui 
a  Caesare  victus  erat,  in  Aegyptum  fugit.  8.  Legati,  qui  a 
duce  missi  erant,  ea,  quae  hostes  confecerant,  cognoverunt. 
9.  Belgae  unam  partem  Galliae  incolunt. 

II.  1.  What  did  Horatius  Codes  do  in  ancient  times? 

2.  The  army  of  Caesar  made  the  greatest  marches  in  Gaul. 

3.  The  gold  of  the  king,  which  was  carried  on  the  large 
ship,  was  taken  by  the  pirates.  4.  Caesar  was  killed  at 
Rome  by  his  enemies.  5.  Daily,  brave  men  flee  from 
danger.  6.  After  the  war  with  the  Gauls,  Caesar  took 
many  slaves  to  Rome.  7.  The  citizens  killed  the  betrayer 
and  freed  the  town.  8.  By  whom  were  the  inhabitants  of 
Egypt  conquered  ?  9.  The  soldiers  of  the  Roman  people 
finished  the  war  with  great  bravery. 


THE  FOURTH  CONJUGATION 


123 


LESSON    LX. 
The   Fourth    Conjugation. 

197.  All  verbs  with  the  present  infinitive  in  -1  belong  to 
the  fourth  conjugation.  These  verbs  retain  the  i  through- 
out the  entire  conjugation. 

198.  Learn  the  indicative  active  and  passive  of  audire, 
to  hear. 

Principal  Parts  :  audio,  audire,  audivi,  auditus. 
Indicative. 


Active. 


SINGULAR. 

1.  audio 

2.  audis 

3.  audit 


PLURAL. 

audimus 

auditis 

audiunt 


Present. 

singular. 
audior 
audiris,  -re 
auditur 


Passive. 

PLURAL. 

audimur 
audimini 
audiuntur 


Imperfect. 

1.  audiebam   audiebamus         audiebar  audiebamur 

2.  audiebas     audiebatis  audiebaris, -re  audiebamini 

3.  audiebat      audiebant  audiebatur  audiebantur 

Future. 

1.  audiam         audiemus  audiar  audiemur 

2.  audies  audietis  audieris,  -re  audiemini 

3.  audiet  audient  audietur  audientur 

Perfect. 

1.  audivi  audivimus  fsum  sumus 

auditus,  j  audit!,  I 

2.  audivi sti     audivistis  \  es  \  estis 

-a,  -urn  j  -ae,  -a  | 

3.  audivit         audiverunt,  -ere  [est  [sunt 


124  BEGINNERS'   LATIN  BOOK 

Pluperfect. 

singular.         plural.                    singular.  plural. 

1.  audiveram  audiveramus                      feram  feramus 

auditus,  |  auditi,  I 

2.  audiveras    audiveratis                         \  eras  \  eratis 

-a,  -um   i  -ae,  -a  | 

3.  audiverat    audiverant                         ^erat  lerant 

Future  Perfect. 

1.  audivero     audiverimus                       fero  ferimus 

,_                             .  .           auditus,  I  auditi,  I 

2.  audiveris     audiventis                          \  ens  \  eritis 

-a,  -um  I  -ae,  -a  | 

3.  audlverit     audiverint                           l^erit  I  erunt 


199.  Vocabulary, 

audio,  -ire,  -Tvi,  -Itus,  to  hear.  dormio,    -ire,    -ivi,    -ltus,    to 

custodio,  -Ire,  -ivi,  -itus,   to  sleep. 

guard.  vincio,  -ire,    vinxi,    vinctus, 

munio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itus,  to  for-  to  bind. 

tify.  venio,  -ire,  veni,  ventus,   to 

nescio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itus,  not  to  come. 

know.  scio,  -ire,  -Ivi,  -itus,  to  know. 

punio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itus,  to  pun-  oculus,  -1,  m.,  eye. 

ish.  Prometheus,  -el,  m.,   Pro?ne- 

captivus,  -1,  m.,  captive.  theus. 

magistratus,   -us,    m.,  magis-  rupes,  -is,  f.,  cliff. 

trate.  olim  (adv.),  once,  for7nerly. 

200.  Exercises  in   Translation. 

I.  1.  Leges  bonae  vitam  civium  custodiunt.  2.  Milites 
verba  ducis  audiverunt.  3.  Antiquls  temporibus  oppida 
murls  muniebantur.  4.  ImprobI  homines  a  magistratibus 
piinientur;  probl  homines  laudabuntur.  5.  Multorum 
oculT  et  aures  te  custodient,  Catilina.      6.  CotTdie  septem 


THE  DATIVE    WITH  VERBS  1 25 

horas  dormio.     7.  Tu,  Catilma,  oculis  et  auribus  omnium 
,  bonorum  clvium  custodieris.      8.  Scimus  nunc  multas  res, 
quas  olim  nesciebamus.       9.  Prometheus,  qui  Ignem  mor- 
talibus  dedit,  in  rupe  vinctus  est. 

II.  1.  By  nothing  is  a  state  better  fortified  than  by  good 
laws.  2.  I  have  come,  I  have  seen,  I  have  conquered. 
3.  Bad  men  do  not  do  good  works.  4.  With  the  eyes,  we 
see ;  with  the  ears,  we  hear ;  with  the  mind,  we  understand. 
5.  By  command  of  the  consul,  the  gates  of  the  city  were 
guarded  by  the  soldiers,  who  were  men  of  the  greatest 
bravery.  6.  The  Romans  conquered  their  enemies,  and 
the  captives  were  bound  and  taken  to  Rome.  7.  Many 
animals  sleep  in  winter.  8.  By  whose  order  had  Prome- 
theus been  bound?  9.  Jupiter,  who  was  the  king  of  gods 
and  men,  often  came  to  the  earth. 


LESSON    LXI. 

The    Dative    with   Verbs. 

201.  Rule.  —  Most  verbs  signifying  favor,  help,  believe, 
please,  trust,  and  their  opposites  ;  also  command,  obey,  per- 
suade, envy,  pardon,  spare,  threaten,  serve,  resist,  and  the 
like,  govern  the  dative. 

Example : — 

Caesar  mulieribus  et  puerls  pepercit. 

Caesar  spared  the  women  and  the  children. 


126  BEGINNERS'   LATIN  BOOK 

Note.  —  A  few  verbs  almost  synonymous  with  some  of  the 
above  take  the  accusative.  They  are  as  follows  :  iuvo,  adiuvo, 
help;  laedo,  injure;  iubeo,  order;  deficio,  fail;  delecto, 
please. 

202.  Vocabulary. 

confldo,  -ere,  -fisus  sum,  to  parco,  -ere,  peperci,  parsus, 

trust.  to  spare. 

credo,    -ere,  credidT,   credi-  persuadeo,  -ere,  -si,  -suasus, 

tus,  to  believe.  to  persuade. 

faveo,  -ere,  favi,  fautus,  to  placeo,    -ere,    -ui,    -itus,    to 

favor.  please. 

noceo,  -ere,  nocuT,  nocitus,  resisto,    -ere,    restiti,   — ,   to 

to  injure.  resist. 

laedo,  -ere,  laesi,  laesus,  to  pareo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itus,  to  obey. 

injure.  deficio,  -ere,  -feci,  -fectus,  to 

servio,    -ire,    -Ivi,    -itus,    to  fail. 

serve.  parens,  -entis,  m.,  parent. 

Veritas,  -atis,  f.,  truth.  umquam  (adv.),  ever. 

fide  (adv.),  faithfully.  frigus,  -oris,  n.,  cold. 
verus,  -a,  -um,  trtie. 

203.  Exercises  in  Translation. 

I.  i.  Dux  militibus  dixit,  "  Hostes  nobis  non  resistent." 
2.  Milites  dud,  qui  vera  semper  dixit,  crediderunt.  3.  Iu- 
veruntne  vicini  Gallorum  eos  in  bellis  RomanTs?  4.  Laus 
mortalium  deis  immortalibus  placet.  5.  Laus  mortalium 
deis  immortalibus  grata  est.  6.  Boni  pueri  parentibus,  quos 
care  amant,  parent.  7.  Ariovistus  habuit  multos  servos,  qui 
sud  domino  fidissime  serviebant.  8.  Rex  Germanorum,  qui 
fuit  probissimus  vir,  populo  suo  favit.  9.  Cibus  et  frumen- 
tum  exercitum  Caesaris  defecerunt. 


DEPONENT    VERBS  \2J 

II.  i.  Once  upon  a  time,  a  soldier  who  did  not  obey  the 
commander  was  put  to  death.  2.  Has  truth  ever  injured 
any  man?  3.  Caesar  gave  his  soldiers  great  rewards. 
4.  The  sermon  of  the  priest  did  not  please  the  people 
who  were  in  the  temple.  5.  The  book  which  the  poet 
wrote  was  not  pleasing  to  us.  6.  The  general  spared  those 
whom  he  had  conquered,  and  they  served  him  faithfully 
for  many  years.  7.  The  cold  of  winter  injures  the  trees 
of  the  forest.  8.  The  soldiers  of  the  Persians  resisted  the 
Roman  army  with  great  bravery.  9.  I  do  not  believe  you, 
my  friend ;  the  letter  which  was  written  by  me  pleased  the 
queen  of  Britain. 

LESSON   LXII. 
Deponent   Verbs. 

204.  Deponent  verbs  are,  for  the  most  part,  passive  in 
form  but  active  in  meaning.  They  have  the  following  ac- 
tive forms:  future  infinitive,  present  and  future  participles, 
gerund,  and  supine.  They  have  the  following  passive  mean- 
ings :  always  in  the  gerundive,  and  sometimes  in  the  perfect 
passive  participle.  There  are  deponent  verbs  of  all  four 
conjugations,  and  they  are  conjugated  like  the  passive  forms 
of  amare,  monere,  regere,  and  audire.  The  passive  infini- 
tives of  the  four  conjugations  have  the  following  termina- 
tions :  first  conjugation,  -an ;  second  conjugation,  -en ; 
third  conjugation,  -1 ;    fourth  conjugation,  -Iri. 

There  are  some  verbs  which  are  deponent  only  in  the 
tenses  formed  on  the  perfect  stem ;  these  are  called  semi- 
deponent  verbs. 


128  BEGINNERS'  LATIN  BOOK 

205.  Rule.  —  Utor,  fruor,  fungor,   potior,   vescor,  and 

their  compounds,  govern  the  ablative  case. 

Example  :  — 

Uterisne  libris  tuis  cum  diligentia? 

Do  you  use  your  books  with  diligence  ? 

206.  Vocabulary. 

utor,     uti,     usus     sum,     to  admiror,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  to 

use.  admire. 

abutor,    -uti,    -usus  sum,  to  gaudeo,  -ere,  gavisus   sum, 

abuse.  to  rejoice. 

fruor,  frui,  fructus  sum,  to  nascor,  -ci,  natus  sum,  to  be 

enjoy.  born,  to  arise. 

potior,    -Iri,    -Itus    sum,    to  polliceor,  -eri,  -itus  sum,  to 

gain,   to   acquire.  promise. 

fungor,  fungi,  functus  sum,  laetor,    -ari,    -atus    sum,   to 

to  perform.  rejoice. 

vescor,  vescT,  — ,  to  eat.  morior,  mori,  mortuus  sum, 

sequor,  sequi,  seciitus  sum,  to  die. 

to  follow.  vitium,  -i,  n.,  fault,  vice. 

proficiscor,  -ci,  -fectus  sum,  impetus,  -us,   m.,  attack,  as- 

to  set  out,  to  advance.  sault. 

Note.  —  The  principal  parts  of  verbs  in  the  passive  voice  or 
of  deponent  verbs  are : '  the  present  indicative,  the  present  infini- 
tive, and  the  perfect  indicative. 

207.  Exercises  in  Translation. 

I.  i.  Roman!  ingentia  Germanorum  corpora  admira- 
bantur.  2.  Catilina,  abusus  es  patientia  nostra.  3.  Pace 
fruimus,  nam  multa  bella  gessimus.     4.  Caesar  hostes  secu- 


DEPONENT    VERBS  1 29 

tus  est  et  eofum  oppidis  potitus  est.  5.  Omnes  milites 
Roman!  ex  castris  profecti  sunt  et  in  hostium  castra  impe- 
tum  fecerunt.  6.  Agricola  gavisus  est  dono,  quod  fllius 
suus  dedit.  7.  Quo  anno  Caesar  natus  est?  8.  Omnia 
fecistT,  frater,  quae  pollicitus  eras.  9.  Iustitia  et  probitate 
tua  laetor. 

II.  1.  On  the  following  day,  Caesar  set  out  for  Gaul  with 
two  legions.  2.  The  allies  of  the  famous  general  promised 
him  a  great  number  of  ships.  3.  No  man  is  born,  has  been 
born,  will  be  born,  without  faults.  4.  Many  of  those  who 
set  out  for  war  died  for  their  country.  5.  The  enemy  were 
conquered  and  put  to  flight,  and  the  cavalry-men  of  the 
Romans  followed  them  and  killed  many  of  them  in  flight. 
6.  The  general  will  gain  all  Gaul  within  ten  years.  7.  Those 
who  are  just  will  always  enjoy  peace.  8.  Good  boys  follow 
the  example  of  upright  men.  9.  The  pupils  performed  a 
difficult  task  for  their  teacher. 


Tormentum. 


130  BEGINNERS'   LATIN  BOOK 

LESSON    LXIII. 
Dative   with   Compounds. 

208.  Rules.  —  With  many  verbs  compounded  with  the 
prepositions,  ad,  ante,  con,  in,  inter,  ob,  post,  prae,  pro,  sub, 
super,  and  sometimes  circum,  the  dative  is  used. 

All  compounds  of  sum  (absum  and  possum  excepted),  are 
followed  by  the  dative. 

Example.  —  Caesar  Aeduls  saepe  adfuerat. 

Caesar  had  often  assisted  the  Aedui. 

209.  Vocabulary. 

absum,    -esse,    aful,   to  be  praesto,  -are,  -stiti,  to  excel. 


distant. 


succurro,  -ere,  -n,  -cursus, 


adsum,  -esse,  affui,   to  be  to  succor. 

near.  succumbo,  -ere,  -cubul, 
desum,    -esse,    -fui,   to   be  -bitus,  to  submit  to. 

lacking.  inicio,  -ere,  -iecl,  -iectus, 
intersum,  -esse,  -fui,  to  be  to  throw  upon,  to  cause. 

among.  obsisto,  -ere,  -stiti,  -stitus, 
obsum,   -esse,   -fui,   to  be  to  oppose. 

against.  Labienus,  -I,  m.,  Labienus. 

prosum,  -esse,   -fui,  to  be  Decimus    Brutus,    -I,    m., 

for,  to  benefit.  Decimus  Brutus. 

praeficio,  -ere,  -feci,  -fee-  adulescens,  -entis,  a  youth. 

tus,  to  put  in  command.  Gallicus,  -a,  -urn,  Gallic. 

210.  Exercises  in  Translation. 

I.      i.    Caesar    Decimum  Brutum    adulescentem    class! 

praeficit.     2.  Decimus  Brutus  omnibus  navibus  Romanorum 


DATIVE    WITH  COMPOUNDS  131 

praefuit.  3.  Tu,  Catilma,  mihi  non  es  amicus;  nonne 
obsistis  mihi  cotidie?  4.  Nonne  decern  milia  passuum 
ab  urbe  absumus?  5.  Pueri  ad  portam  urbis  aderunt. 
6.  Milites  multis  proeliis  interfuerunt  et  magnam  laudem 
acceperunt.  7.  Virls  probis  amicitia  bonorum  hominum 
non  deerit.  8.  Milites  Romanorum  hostibus  virtute  prae- 
stiterunt.  9.  Dux  peritus  praefuit  exercitui,  qui  Athenis 
superatus  est. 

II.  1.  What  famous  orator  opposed  Catiline  in  the 
Roman  senate  ?  2.  Men  benefit  and  injure  men  most. 
3.  Will  he  ever  yield  to  his  foes?  4.  Hannibal  put  to  flight 
the  army  of  the  Romans.  5.  The  camp  of  the  Greeks 
was  not  far  from  the  sea ;  the  camp  of  the  Persians  was  not 
far  from  the  city.  6.  The  Greeks  fought  with  the  Persians, 
and  the  battles  were  always  severe;  the  leaders  were  always 
present  at  the  battles.  7.  Caesar  put  Labienus  in  com- 
mand of  that  fortification  which  he  had  made.  8.  That 
upright  man  will  succor  those  to  whom  food  is  lacking. 
9.  Caesar  favors  those  leaders  who  succor  the  sick  soldiers. 


Ardtrum. 


132 


BEGINNERS'   LATIN  BOOK 


LESSON    LXIV. 

Review   in    Vocabulary. 

211.  The  following  vocabulary,  together  with  paragraphs 
178  and  182,  contains  all  the  new  words  introduced  since 
Lesson  XLVIII.  These  words  should  be  studied  with  great 
care ;  the  English  equivalents  should  be  learned,  and  the 
spelling  and  the  quantity  of  vowels  should  be  mastered. 
Particular  attention  should  be  given  to  the  principal  parts  of 
verbs. 


212. 

Word  List, 

a 

audio 

deficio 

Gallicus 

absum 

bello 

demigro 

gaudeo 

abutor 

capio 

desum 

gero 

accipio 

captivus 

divido 

honor 

ad 

Carthaginiensis 

domus 

Horatius  Codes 

admiror 

cognosco 

dormio 

humus 

adsum 

comes 

diico 

Idem 

adulescens 

conficio 

e 

impedimenta 

adventus 

confido 

Ephesus 

impedimentum 

Aegyptus 

contendo 

erro 

imperitus 

ago 

cotldie  • 

exspecto 

incolo 

aliquis 

credo 

facio 

inicio 

alius 

crux 

faveo 

instruo 

alligo 

cultus  • 

fide 

interficio 

Alpes 

cupio 

finis 

intersum 

alter 

custodio 

frlgus 

ipse 

Apollo 

cymba 

fruor 

iste 

Athenae 

de 

fugio 

iussus 

Atheniensis 

Decimus  Brutus 

fungor 

iuvo 

REVIEW  IN   VOCABUIARY 


133 


Labienus 

obsum 

Prometheus 

Sparta 

laedo 

0  cuius 

prosum 

succumbo 

laetor 

olim 

punio 

succurro 

latebra 

onus 

qua 

suus 

legatus 

ora 

-que 

totus 

littera 

oraculum 

quldam 

traho 

magistrates 

parco 

quilibet 

tuus 

maritimus 

parens 

quispiam 

ullus 

medicina 

pareo 

quisquam 

umquam 

medicus 

passus 

quisque 

unus 

meus 

persuadeo 

quivis 

iisus 

militia 

placeo 

regnum 

uter 

mitto 

polliceor 

rego 

uterque 

moveo 

Pompeius 

res  frumentaria 

iitor 

munio 

pons 

resisto 

venenum 

nascor 

populus 

rupes 

venio 

navigo 

porta 

rus 

Veritas 

nescio 

potior 

sarcina 

vescor 

neuter 

praeficio 

scio 

vester 

Nilus 

praemium 

scribo 

vestitus 

noceo 

praesto 

sequor 

vincio 

noster 

praesum 

servio 

vinco 

nullus 

proditor 

Solon 

vinea 

obsisto 

proficiscor 

solus 

Zama 

Hercules  et  Stymphdlides  aves. 


134  BEGINNERS'   LATIN  BOOK 

LESSON   LXV. 
Imperative   Mode   and   Participles. 

213.  Learn  the  imperative,  second  person,  present,  active 
and  passive  of  the  four  conjugations  and  of  sum. 

Active.  Passive, 

singular.  plural.  singular.  .  plural. 

ama  amate  amare  amamini 

mone  monete  monere  monemini 

frege  regite  fregere  ^  regimini 

\  cape  capite  \  capere  capimini 

audi  audite  audire  audimim 

es  este  

214.  Rule.  —  The  imperative  mode  is  used  to  express  a 
command,  entreaty,  exhortation,  etc.;  the  negative  of  the 
imperative  is  expressed  by  means  of  the  adverb  ne. 

Note.  —  Three  verbs  of  the  third  conjugation,  and  one  irreg- 
ular verb,  drop  the  e  of  the  present  imperative  singular,  active : 
die,  fac,  due,  and  fer. 

215.  The  participle  expresses  the  action  of  the  verb  in 
the  form  of  an  adjective.  As  an  adjective,  it  limits  nouns 
and  pronouns,  and  agrees  with  them  ;  as  a  verb,  it  has 
distinctions  of  time,  and  when  transitive  takes  an  object. 

In  Latin,  there  are  four  participles  :  present  active  and 
future  active;  perfect  passive  and  gerundive  or  future 
passive. 

The  participles  express  time  relative  to  the  time  of  the 
principal  verb.      Since  participles  are  adjectives,  they  are 


IMPERATIVE  MODE  AND  PARTICIPLES 


i3S 


declined.    The  present  participle  ends  in  -ns  and  is  an  adjec- 
tive of  the  third  declension  of  one  termination ;  the  perfect 
and  future  participles  end  in  -us  and  are  adjectives  of  the 
first  and  second  declensions. 
Review  paragraph  204. 

216.   Learn  the  participles  of  the  four  conjugations  and 
of  sum. 


PRESENT. 

live. 

FUTURE. 

PERFECT. 

FUTURE. 

amans 

amaturus 

amatus 

amandus 

monens 

moniturus 

monitus 

monendus 

regens 

recturus 

f rectus 
[  captus 

regendus 

capiens 

capturus 

capiendus 

audiens 

auditurus 

auditus 

audiendus 



futurus 





217. 

Vocabulary. 

Alexandria,  -ae,  f.,  Alexan-  Hasdrubal,   -is,  m.,  Hasdru- 

dria.  bal. 

Cleopatra,  -ae,  f.,  Cleopatra.  Plato,  -onis,  m.,  Plato. 

despero,    -are,    -avi,     -atus,  moror,   -ari,   -atus    sum,    to 

to  despair.  delay. 

hortor,  -ari,  -atus    sum,    to  doceo,  -ere,  -ui,  doctus,   to 

exhort.  teach. 

fluo,    -ere,    fluxi,    fluxus,   to  signum,  -I,  n.,  signal. 

flow.  praeceptor,  -oris,  m.,  teacher. 


218. 


Exercises  in  Translation. 


I.  i.  Roman!  pluribus  proeliis  in  Hispania  ab  Hasdrubale 
victi  de  salute  non  desperaverunt.  2.  Dux  militibus  cupien- 
tibus  signum  pugnae  dedit.      3.    Pugnate,  milites,    fortiter 


136  BEGINNERS'   LATIN  BOOK 

pro  patria.  4.  Este  benignl,  del  immortales,  miseris  homi- 
nibus.  5.  In  Africa  multae  et  pulchrae  aves  videntur  vo- 
lantes  in  silvis.     6.  Educamini,  discipull,  a  magistris  bonis. 

7.  Caesar    Alexandria  potitus   regnum    Cleopatrae    dedit. 

8.  Discipull  praeceptoribus  parentes  laudantur.  9.  Cives  no- 
stri  cum  hostibus  urbem  oppugnantibus  acriter  dimicaverunt. 

II.  1.  Plato  died  writing.  2.  Caesar  praised  the  soldiers 
who  fought  bravely.  3.  Caesar,  having  delayed  a  few  days 
in  the  territories  of  the  Germans,  hastened  to  Gaul.  4.  The 
leader,  having  exhorted  his  soldiers,  led  them  to  battle  ;  and 
they  fought  with  great  bravery.  5.  Children,  obey  your 
parents,  for  they  have  been  kind  to  you.  6.  Good  people, 
be  taught  by  the  priests  concerning  the  immortal  gods. 
7.  The  wives  of  the  soldiers  fighting  in  Gaul  remained  at 
home,  in  Italy.  8.  In  the  river  flowing  swiftly  are  the  boats 
of  our  army.  9.  Good  farmer,  liberate  those  slaves  laboring 
in  your  fields. 


Galll. 


THE  ABLATIVE  ABSOLUTE  1 37 

LESSON   LXVI. 

The   Ablative   Absolute. 

219.  A  noun  or  pronoun  in  the  ablative  case,  modified 
by  a  participle,  is  used  to  express  time,  cause,  condition,  or 
some  other  circumstance  of  the  action  denoted  by  the  main 
verb.  This  construction  is  grammatically  independent  of 
the  rest  of  the  sentence  and  is,  therefore,  called  the  ablative 
absolute.  With  the  noun,  instead  of  a  participle,  an  adjec- 
tive or  another  noun  may  be  used. 

Note. — Observe  carefully  that  the  noun  in  the  ablative  abso- 
lute cannot  denote  the  same  person  or  thing  as  the  subject  of  the 
sentence  or  clause  in  which  it  is  found. 

Examples  :  — 

a.  Oppido  capto,  milites  se  dedi&erunt. 

The  town  having  been  captured,  the  soldiers  surrendered 
the?nselves. 

b.  Loco  idoneo,  milites  castra  posuerunt. 

The  place  (being)  suitable,  the  soldiers  pitched  the  camp, 

c.  Caesare  consule,  civitas  Romana  floruit. 
Caesar  {being)  consul,  the  Roman  state  flourished. 

22ft.  Vocabulary, 

contra     (prep,     with     ace),      invenio,  -ire,  -veni,  -ventus, 

against.  to  find. 

dedo,  -ere,  dedidi,  deditus,       incendium,  -I,   n.,  conflagra- 

to  surrender.  tion. 

orior,  -Iri,  ortus  sum,  to  rise. 


138  BEGINNERS'   LATIN  BOOK 

vlvus,  -a,  um,  alive.  aggredior,  -edl,  -essus  sum, 

pono,    -ere,   posul,   positus,  to  attack. 

to  place.  revoco,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,   to 

relinquo,  -ere,  -liquT,  -lictus,  recall. 

to  leave.  Xerxes,  -is,  m.,  Xerxes. 

progredior,  -edl,  -essus  sum,  to  advance. 

221.  Exercises  in   Translation. 

I.  1.  Incolis  fugientibus,  milites  Romanorum  urbem  oc- 
cupaverunt.  2.  Alpibus  superatis,  Hannibal  in  Italia  cum 
Romanls  bellum  gessit.  3.  Xerxes,  interfectis  sacerdotibus, 
quos  in  arce  invenerat,  urbem  incendio  delevit.  4.  Castris 
relictis,  milites  in  silvam  fagerunt.  5.  Caesar,  sole  oriente, 
cum  equitatu  ex  castris  profectus  est,  et  hostes  aggressus  est. 
6.  Bello  Helvetiorum  confecto,  legati  omnium  civitatum  ad 
Caesarem  venerunt.  7.  Hostibus  victls,  consul  Romam  ve- 
nit.  8.  Hannibale  vivo,  Poem  cupientes  libertatem  magna 
cum  fortitudine  pugnaverunt.  9.  Quis  coniurationem  contra 
rem  publicam,  Cicerone  consule,  fecit? 

II.  1.  Hostages  having  been  given,  the  leader  recalled 
the  soldiers  from  the  battle.  2.  The  Gauls  having  been 
conquered,  Caesar  set  out  for  Rome.  3.  The  army  having 
gained  a  victory,  the  commander  set  out  from  camp  in  the 
third  watch  of  the  night.  4.  The  camp  having  been  aban- 
doned, the  soldiers  hastened  with  great  speed  to  the  city. 
5.  Having  delayed  at  home,  the  priest  did  not  come  to  the 
temple  in  the  third  hour.  6.  Having  followed  the  enemy, 
the  general  attacked  their  cavalry.  7.  The  inhabitants 
defending   their   towns,  many   of  the    enemy  were    killed. 


USES    OF  THE  INFINITIVE 


139 


8.  The  city  having  been  taken,  a  messenger  was  sent  to  the 
consul  and  the  senate  at  Rome.  9.  A  journey  across  the 
mountains  having  been  made,  Hannibal's  army  advanced 
into  Italy. 


LESSON   LXVII. 

Uses   of  the   Infinitive. 

222.  The  infinitive  may  be  used  with  sum  and  similar 
verbs  as  subject,  in  apposition,  as  attribute  complement, 
or  as  object  of  a  transitive  verb.  Verbs  which  imply 
another  action  of  the  same  subject  to  complete  their 
meaning  take  the  infinitive ;  this  construction  is  called 
the  complementary  infinitive.  There  are  three  infinitives : 
the  present,  the  perfect,  and  the  future ;  all  these  are  used 
in  the  active  and  passive. 


223.    Learn  the  infinitives  of  sum,  also  of  the  four  con- 
jugations. 


PRESENT. 

am  are 

monere 
J  regere 
I  capere 

audire 

esse 


Active. 

perfect. 

amavisse 

monuisse 

rexisse 

cepisse 

audivisse 

fuisse 


FUTURE. 

amatunis  esse 
moniturus  esse 
recturus  esse 
capturus  esse 
auditurus  esse 
futurus  esse 


140 


BEGINNERS'   LATIN  BOOK 


Passive. 

PRESENT. 

perfect. 

FUTURE. 

amarl 

amatus  esse 

am  a  turn  Iri 

moneri 

monitus  esse 

monitum  iri 

jregi 

rectus  esse 

rectum  iri 

leap! 

captus  esse 

captum  iri 

audiri 

auditus  esse 

auditum  iri 

224.  Rules.  —  The  subject  of  an  infinitive  is  in  the 
accusative  case.  The  attribute  conplement  used  after  a 
complementary  infinitive  is  in  the  no?ninative  case,  agreeing 
with  the  subject  of  the  finite  verb. 

Note. — When  the  infinitive  is  used  substantively  it  is  always 
neuter. 

Examples  :  — 

a.  Pro  patria  mori  dulce  est. 

To  die  for  one^s  country  is  sweet. 

b.  Caesar  milites  pontem  facere  iussit. 
Caesar  ordered  the  soldiers  to  make  a  bridge. 

c.  Hie  exercitus  ex  hiberms  egredi  non  ausus  est. 
This  ar?ny  dared  not  go  out  of  winter-quarters. 


225. 


Vocabulary. 


egredior,  -T?  -gressus  sum,  to 

go  out. 
debeo,  -ere,  -ul,  -itus,  to  obey. 
disco,    -ere,     didici,    — ,    to 

learn. 
revertor,  -I,  -1,   -sus  (dep.  in 

pres.,  imp.,  fut.),  to  return. 
ignoscS,  -ere,  -novi,  -notus, 

to  pardon. 


audeo,   -ere,   ausus    sum,  to 

dare. 
cano,  -ere,  cecini,  cantus,  to 

sing. 
educo,  -ere,  -duxi,  -ductus, 

to  lead  forth. 
incipio,  -ere,  -cepi,  -ceptus, 

to  begin. 
dulcis,  -e,  sweet. 


USES   OF  THE  INFINITIVE 


141 


226. 


Exercises  in   Translation. 


I.  1.  Pueri  parentibus  parere  debent;  nam  parentes 
eos  amant.  2.  Caesar  milites  in  hibernis  Romae,  urbe 
Italiae,  manere  iussit.  3.  In  silva  ambulare  amo,  avibus 
canentibus.       4.    Caesar    milites    iussit    ad    castra   venire. 

5.  Castrls  munltls,  Caesar  vineas  agere  incipit.  6.  Ubi 
milites  RomanI  pugnare  didicerunt?  7.  Galli  tentabant 
superare  Caesarem,  qui  exercitum  Roma  eduxit.  8.  Nun- 
tius  missus  ad  ducem,  domum  venire  properavit.  9.  Agri- 
colae  tentabant  necare  feras,  quae  in  agris  suls  erant. 

II.  1.  To  learn  is  pleasing  to  good  boys  and  girls.  2.  All 
Gaul  having  been  overcome,  Caesar  ordered  the  legions  to 
return  to  him.  3.  To  fight  is  the  work  of  a  soldier ;  to  write 
poetry,  the  work  of  a  poet.  4.  To  err  is  human  ;  to  forgive, 
divine.     5.  All  good  men  try  this,  to  educate  their  children. 

6.  The    soldiers    desired   to   wage    war    with    the    enemy. 

7.  Caesar  ordered  the  soldiers  to  lay  waste  the  fields  of  the 
Gallic  farmers.  8.  The  soldiers  hastened  to  use  the  arms 
which  the  townsmen  gave  them.  9.  Every  man  ought  to 
try  to  be  upright. 


Galeae. 


142  BEGINNERS'  LATIN  BOOK 

LESSON    LXVIII. 
Possum,   with  the  Infinitive. 

227.  Possum,  I  am  able,  I  can,  is  a  compound  of  pot- 
{potis)  and  sum.  It  is  followed  by  the  present  infinitive. 
Note  carefully  that,  in  compounding  pot-  with  sum,  the  t  of 
pot-  is  changed  to  s  before  s,  and  f  after,  t  is  dropped. 

228.  Learn  the  indicative  of  possum. 
Principal  Parts:     possum,  posse,  potui. 

Indicative. 

Present.  Perfect. 

singular.               plural.              singular.  plural. 

1.  possum             possumus             potui  potuimus 

2.  potes                 potestis                potuisti  potuistis 

3.  potest                possunt                 potuit  potuerunt 

Imperfect.  Pluperfect. 

1.  poteram  poteramus  potueram  potueramus 

2.  poteras  poteratis  potueras  potueratis 

3.  poterat  poterant  potuerat  potuerant 

Future.  Future  Perfect. 

1.  potero  poterimus  potuero  potuerimus 

2.  poteris  poteritis  potueris  potueritis 

3.  poterit  poterant  potuerit  potuerint 

229.  Rule. —  Verbs  of  naming,  choosing,  appointing, 
making,  esteeming,  showing,  and  the  like,  may  take,  in 
addition  to  the  direct  object,  a  second  accusative  denoting 
the  same  person  or  thing  as  the  object,  but  not  in  apposition 
with  it 


POSSUM,    WITH   THE  INFINITIVE  1 43 

Note. — When  a  sentence  containing  a  double  accusative  is 
changed  into  the  passive,  the  direct  object  becomes  the  subject, 
and  the  second  accusative  becomes  the  attribute  complement. 

Examples  :  — 

a.  Populus  Romanus  Cincinnatum  ducem  fecit. 

The  Roman  people  made  Cincinnatus  cominander. 

b.  Cincinnatus  a  populo  Romano  dux  factus  est. 

Cincinnatus  was  ?nade  commander  by  the  Roman  people. 


230.  Vocabulary. 

condo,  -ere,  -didi,  -ditus,  to  excedo,  -ere,  -cessi,  -cessus, 

found.  to  withdraw. 

creo,     -are,    -avi,    -atus,    to  impono,  -ere,  -posui,  -posi- 

create.  tus,  to  impose. 

declaro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  to  iudico,    -are,    -avi,   -atus,  to 

declare.  judge. 

ala,  -ae,  f.,  wing.  Olympus,  -1,  m.,  Olympus. 


231.  Exercises  in  Translation. 

I.  1.  Multl  sine  scutis  acriter  pugnare  poterant.  2.  Ro- 
mulus urbem,  quam  condiderat,  Romam  vocavit.  3.  Cicer5 
in  senatu  pater  patriae  appellatus  est.  4.  Debes  posse 
iubere  milites  urbem  occupare.  5.  Sapiens  filius  patrem 
laetum  facit.  6.  Quis  omnia  pensa  sibi  imposita  facere 
poterit?  7.  Catillnam  senatus  hostem  iudicavit.  8.  Ante 
adventum  Caesaris  nullae  legiones  urbem  expugnare  potue- 
rant.     9.  Pueri  acribus  mentibus  celeriter  discere  possunt. 


144  BEGINNERS'   LATIN  BOOK 

II.    i.  Will  Caesar  be  able  to  subdue  Gaul  in  ten  years? 

2.  After    Romulus,    Numa    Pompilius    was    created    king. 

3.  The  besieging  sheds  which  the  Romans  were  using  could 
be  moved.  4.  Our  friend,  the  poor  farmer,  is  able  to 
educate  his  children.  5.  The  city  which  was  founded 
by  Romulus  was  called  Rome.  6.  In  ancient  times  men 
called  Mercury  the  messenger  of  the  gods.  7.  Mercury 
was  able,  by  means  of  his  wings,  to  fly  from  Olympus  to 
the  earth.  8.  The  whole  people  declared  Cicero  consul. 
9.  The  soldiers  who  could  not  withdraw  from  the  battle- 
line  received  many  wounds. 


LESSON    LXIX. 
Indirect    Discourse. 

232.  The  original  words  of  an  author  or  a  speaker  are 
said  to  be  in  direct  discourse.  When  a  writer  or  a  speaker 
expresses  thoughts,  whether  his  own  or  those  of  another,  in 
any  other  form  than  in  the  original  words  of  the  author,  he 
is  said  to  use  indirect  discourse. 

Indirect  discourse  may  follow  verbs  of  saying,  thinking, 
knowing,  perceiving,  etc. 

233.  Rule.  —  The  main  clause  of  the  declaratory  sen- 
tence is  put  in  the  infinitive  with  the  subject  accusative. 
The  present,  the  perfect,  or  the  future  infinitive  is  used, 
according  as  the  time  indicated  is  present,  past,  or  future, 
with  reference  to  the  verb  of  saying,  thinking,  etc. 


INDIRECT  DISCOURSE  145 

Note.  —  Observe  carefully  that  the  subject  of  the  infinitive  in 
indirect  discourse  must  regularly  be  expressed,  even  if  it  is  want- 
ing in  the  direct.  Observe  also  that  the  person  often  changes 
when  an  expression  is  converted  into  indirect  discourse. 

Examples  :  — 

(Direct.)       Caesar  consul  est. 

Caesar  is  consul. 
(Indirect.)  Dixit  Caesarem  consulem  esse. 

He  said  that  Caesar  was  consul. 


b. 


(Direct.)       Caesar  consul  fait. 

Caesar  was  consul. 
(Indirect.)   Dicit  Caesarem  consulem  fuisse. 

He  says  that  Caesar  was  consul, 

'  (Direct.)      Caesar  consul  erit. 
Caesar  will  be  consul. 
(Indirect.)    Dixerat  Caesarem  consulem  futurum  esse. 

He  had  said  that  Caesar  would  be  consul. 

234.  Vocabulary. 

dico,   -ere,    dixi,    dictus,   to      gigno,   -ere,  genui,  genitus, 

say.  to  produce,  to  beget,  to  bear. 

niintio,   -are,   -avi,  -atus,  to      Mars,  Martis,  m.,  Mars, 
announce,  Anaxagoras,  -ae,  m.,  Anax- 

agoras, 

235.  Exercises  in  Translation. 

I.  1.  Scio  me  esse  mortalem.  2.  AudM  urbem  expug- 
natem  esse.  3.  Spero  me  et  te  amlcos  futuros  esse.  4.  Sci- 
mus  corpus  mortale,  animum  immortalem  esse.     5.  Spero 


146 


BEGINNERS'   LATIN  BOOK 


hostes  victum  in,  et  eos  obsides  daturos  esse.  6.  Caesari 
nuntiatum  est  Helvetios  in  animo  habere  iter  per  provinciam 
Galliam  facere.  7.  Graecis  nuntiatum  est  Athenas  a  Xerxe 
captas  arcemque  incendio  deletam  esse.  8.  Anaxagoras, 
morte  filii  el  nuntiata,  dixisse  dlcitur :  "  Sciebam  me  genu- 
isse  mortalem."     9.  Putavi  ducem  id  facturum  esse. 

II.  1.  Many  said  that  Romulus  was  killed  by  the  sena- 
tors. 2.  The  consul  hoped  that  Caesar  would  wage  war 
successfully  with  the  Gauls.  3.  The  ancients  tell  that 
Romulus  founded  Rome.  4.  I  said  that  you  said  that 
your  brother  was  sick. 

III.  Before  translating,  change  the  following  to  indirect 
discourse  : 

1.  The  king  said,  "They  brought  the  captives  to  me." 
2.  There  were  seven  kings  in  Rome.  3.  Fire  will  destroy 
this  city  and  the  inhabitants  will  be  killed.  4.  The  city  will 
be  captured  by  the  enemy.  5.  The  songs  of  great  poets 
are  sung  by  all  nations. 


Signa. 


THE   SUBJUNCTIVE  MODE 


147 


LESSON   LXX. 
The    Subjunctive    Mode.  — Sequence    of  Tenses. 

236.    Learn  the  subjunctive  mode  of  sum  and  possum. 

Subjunctive. 
Present.  Perfect. 

singular.  plural.  singular.                  plural. 

1.  sim  simus  fuerim  fuerimus 

2.  sis  sitis  fueris  fueritis 

3.  sit  sint  fuerit  fuerint 


Imperfect. 

1 .  essem  essemus 

2.  esses  essetis 

3 .  esset  essent 

Present. 

1 .  possim  possimus 

2.  possis  possitis 

3.  possit  possint 


Imperfect, 

1 .  possem 

2.  posses 

3.  posset 


possemus 

possetis 

possent 


Pluperfect. 
fuissem  fuissemus 

misses  fuissetis 

fuisset  fuissent 

Perfect. 
potuerim  potuerimus 

potueris  potueritis 

potuerit  potuerint 

Pluperfect. 
potuissem         potuissemus 
potuisses  potuissetis 

potuisset  potuissent 


Note.  —  In  Latin  there  are  only  four  tenses  in  the  subjunctive 
mode. 


237.  All  tenses  are  divided  into  two  classes,  primary  and 
secondary.  The  primary  tenses  of  the  indicative  are  :  the 
present,  the  future,  the  perfect,  and  the  future  perfect.    The 


148  BEGINNERS'  LATIN  BOOK 

secondary  or  historical  tenses  are  :  the  imperfect,  the  his- 
torical perfect,  and  the  pluperfect. 

Note.  —  The  present  perfect  and  the  historical  use  of  the 
perfect  tense  are  shown  in  paragraph  54. 

In  the  subjunctive,  the  primary  tenses  are  :  the  present 
and  the  perfect ;  the  secondary  tenses  are  :  the  imperfect 
and  the  pluperfect. 

238.  Rules.  —  a.  In  indirect  discourse  the  subjunctive  is 
always  used  in  subordinate  clauses. 

b.  Sequence  of  Tenses.  —  In  complex  sentences,  a  pri- 
mary tense  in  the  principal  clause  is  followed  by  a  primary 
in  the  subordinate  ;  a  secondary ,  by  a  secondary. 

Example : — 

Scimus  pueros  eos,  qui  eis  benign!  fuerint,  amare. 

We  know  that  children  love  those  who  have  been  kind  to  them. 

239.  Vocabulary, 

potestas,  -atis,  f.,  power,  con-  aperio,  -ire,  -eruT,  -ertus,  to 

trot.  open. 

Darius,  -11,  m.,  Darius.  labor,  -oris,  m.,  toil,  labor. 

delectus,  -us,  m.,  selection.  sepulcrum,  -T,  n.,  sepulcher. 

2A&.  Exercises  in  Translation. 

I.  io  Rex  omnes  elves  Romanos,  qui  in  Asia  essent,  uno 
die  interne!  iussit.  2»  Plato  earn  rem  publicam  optimam 
esse  dicit,  quae  in  potestate  optimorum  sit.  30  Spero 
ducem,  qui  hostes  vicerit,  Romam  venturum  esse.     40  Au- 


PURPOSE  AND  RESULT  CLAUSES   WLTH   UT     1 49 

divimus  obsides  dud  exercitus  nostri  qui  in  Gallia  esset, 
datos  esse.  5.  Agricola  dixit  se  eos  servos,  qui  laborem 
relinquere  possent,  revocaturum  esse. 

II.  1.  The  ancients  said  that  Romulus,  who  was  the  son 
of  Mars,  founded  Rome,  a  city  in  Italy.  t  2.  Darius  ordered 
the  grave  of  the  queen  to  be  opened,  because  he  hoped  that 
much  gold  would  be  found  there.  3.  The  general  said  that 
the  part  of  the  Roman  army  which  had  set  out  against  the 
enemy  was  defeated.  4.  The  general  hoped  that,  a  selec- 
tion having  been  made  (habere),  the  band  of  the  Romans 
that  had  come  to  the  citadel  and  occupied  it,  would  not 
be  defeated  by  the  enemy.  5.  The  city  having  been  cap- 
tured and  the  enemy  surrendering,  the  commander  told 
the  hostages  that  he  was  about  to  liberate  them. 


LESSON   LXXI. 

Purpose   and   Result   Clauses   with   ut. 

241.  Rule.  —  Clauses  of  purpose  introduced  by  ut  (off.) 
and  ne  (neg.)  take  the  subjunctive ;  clauses  of  result  intro- 
duced by  ut  (aff,)  and  ut  non  (neg.),  take  the  subjunctive. 

Examples  :  — 

a„   Romam  venit  ut  amicos  liberaret. 

He  came  to  Rome  that  he  might  free  his  friends. 

b.    Tempu s  erat  tarn  breve  ut  castra  n5n  muniremus. 
The  time  was  so  short  that  we  did  not  fortify  the  camp. 


ISO 


BEGINNERS'  LATIN  BOOK 


242.    Learn  the  subjunctive  of  amo  and  moneo  : 


Subjunctive. 
Active. 

Passive. 

Present. 

SINGULAR. 

PLURAL. 

SINGULAR. 

PLURAL. 

I. 

amem 

amemus 

amer 

amemur 

2. 

amea 

ametia 

ameris,  -re 

amemini 

3- 

amet 

ament 

ametur 

amentur 

Imperfect. 

i. 

amarem 

amaremus 

amarer 

amaremur 

2. 

amares 

amaretia 

amareris, 

-re 

amaremini 

3- 

amaret 

amarent 

amaretur 

Perfect. 

amarentur 

i. 

2. 

3- 

amaverim 

amaveria 

amaverit 

amaverimua 

amaveritia 

amaverint 

amatus,  I 
-a,  -um  1 

aim 

sis 
ait 

r  aimua 
amati, 

i  aitia 
-ae, -a  j 

I  smt 

Pluperfect. 

i. 

2. 

3- 

amavissem 

amaviaaea 

amavisset 

amavissemus                         ( 
amatus, 

amavissetis                            < 
-a,  -um 

amavissent                            { 

eaaem 

esses 
esset 

amati, 
-ae, -a 

'  easemua 

essetis 
. essent 

i .    moneam 

2.  moneaa 

3.  moneat 


1 .  monerem 

2.  monerea 

3 .  moneret 


moneamua 

moneatia 

moneant 


Present. 
monear 
monearia,  -re 
moneatur 


Imperfect. 
moneremus  monerer 


moneretia 
monerent 


monereria,  -re 
moneretur 


moneamur 

moneamim 
moneantur 


moneremur 
moneremini 
monerentur 


PURPOSE  AND  RESULT  CLAUSES   WLTH   UT     151 

Perfect. 

1 .  monuerim       monuerimus  f  sim  f  simus 

.  .  monitus,       _  moniti,       .  . 

2.  monueris         monueritis  <  sis  \  sitis 


-a,  -um         .  -ae,  -a   . 

3.    monuerit        monueriut  I  sit  I  sint 

Pluperfect. 

1 .  monuissem     monuissemus  {  essem  (  essemus 

.     _  .  monitus,  1  moniti, 

2.  monuisses      monuissetis  \  esses  \  essetis 

-a,  -um  -ae,  -a 

3.  monuisset      monuissent  L  esset  I  essent 


243.  Vocabulary. 

Crassus,  -1,  m.,  Crassus.  congrego,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  to 

adventus,  -us,  m.,  arrival.  assemble. 

commutatio,  -onis,  f.,  change.  renovo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  to 

porta,  -ae,  f.,  gate.  renew. 

commeatus,     -us,     m.,    pro-  remaned,  -ere,  -mansi,  to  re- 

vision.  main. 

suspicio,  -onis,  f.,  suspicion.  vito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  to  shun. 

tantus,  -a,  -um,  so  great.  claudo,  -ere,  clausi,  clausus, 

barbarus,  -a,  -um,  barbarous.  to  shut. 

nonnullus,  -a,  -um,  some.  sustineo,  -ere,  -tinui,  -tentus, 

ut  (conj.),   so  that \  in  order  to  sustain. 

that.  deligS,  -ere,  -legi,  -lectus,  to 

ne  (conj.),  that  not,  lest.  choose. 

tarn  (adv.),  so.  prohibeo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itus,  to 

contends,  -ere,  -dl,  -tentus,  keep  off,  to  prohibit. 

to  hasten. 

244.  Exercises  in  Translation. 

I.     1.    Fortitudo  hostium  tanta  erat,  ut  non  fugarentur, 
sed  omnes  pugnantes  necarentur.     2.  Summa  celeritate  in 


152  BEGINNERS'   LATIN  BOOK 

Galliam  contenderunt  ut  agros  hostium  vastarent.  3.  Crassus 
in  Aquitaniam  proficlscitur,  ne  tantae  nationes  congregentur. 

4.  Non   tarn    barbarus   sum   ut    haec    non    scire    possim. 

5.  Caesaris  adventu  tanta  commutatio  rerum  facta  est  ut 
nostri  proelium  renovarent.  6.  Castra  in  locis  superioribus 
posuit  ne  quis  ea  oppugnaret.  7.  Nonnulli  remanebant  ut 
suspicionem  timoris  vitarent.  8.  Portas  clausit,  ne  quam 
oppidanl  iniuriam  sustinerent. 

II.  1.  In  summer,  the  farmer  labored  in  the  field  in  order 
that  he  might  have  grain  in  winter.  2.  In  summer,  the 
farmer  labored  in  the  field  so  that  he  had  grain  in  winter. 
3.  We  shall  winter  in  Gaul  in  order  that  we  may  easily 
attack  the  towns  in  summer.  4.  The  soldiers  fought  bravely 
in  order  that  the  town  might  not  be  taken.  5.  The  soldiers 
fought  bravely  so  that  the  town  was  not  taken.  6.  The 
enemy  will  send  hostages  in  order  that  they  may  please 
Caesar.  7.  He  selected  a  place  suitable  for  a  camp  in 
order  that  he  might  not  be  kept  away  from  provisions. 
8.  The  town  having  been  attacked,  the  townsmen  were  so 
frightened  that  they  were  immediately  put  to  flight. 


Caestus. 


SUBJUNCTIVE  IN  RELATIVE    CLAUSES         153 


LESSON   LXXII. 
Subjunctive   in   Relative   Clauses. 

245.  Rule.  —  Relative  clauses  of  purpose,  result,  cause, 
and  characteristic  take  the  subjunctive. 

Examples  :  — 

a.  Caesar  funditores  misit,  qui  hostes  morarentur. 

Caesar  sent  stingers  who  should  delay  the  enemy, 

b.  Quis  est  qui  hoc  nesciat  ? 

Who  is  there  that  does  not  know  this  f 

246.  Learn  the  subjunctive  of  rego  and  audio. 

Subjunctive. 


Active. 


Passive. 


Present. 

SINGULAR. 

PLURAL. 

singular. 

PLURAL. 

I. 

regam 

regamus 

regar 

regamur 

2 . 

regas 

regatis 

regaris,  -re 

regamini 

3- 

regat 

regant 

regatur 

Imperfect. 

regantur 

1. 

regerem 

regeremus 

regerer 

regeremur 

2. 

regeres 

regeretis 

regereris, 

-re 

regeremini 

3- 

regeret 

regerent 

regeretur 

Perfect. 

regerentur 

1. 

rexerim 

rexerimus 

rectus, 

'  sim 

f  simus 
recti, 

2. 

rexeris 

rexeritis 

-a,  -um,    1 

sis 

\  sitis 
-ae,  -a, 

3- 

rexerit 

rexerint 

'    1 
Pluperfect. 

sit 

I  sint 

I. 

rexissem 

rexissemus 

rectus, 

essem 

f  essemus 
recti, 

2. 

rexisses 

rexissetis 

-a,  -um,   I 

esses 

\  essetis 
-ae,  -a, 

3- 

rexisset 

rexissent 

I 

esset 

I  essent 

154 


BEGINNERS'   LATIN  BOOK 


SINGULAR. 

1.  audiam 

2.  audias 

3.  audiat 

1.  audirem 

2.  audires 

3.  audiret 

1.  audiverim 

2.  audiveris 

3.  audiverit 

1.  audivissem 

2.  audivisses 

3.  audivisset 


Present, 
plural,  singular. 

audiamus  audiar 

audiatis  audiaris,  -re 


audiant 


audiatur 


Imperfect. 

audlremus  audirer 

audiretis  audireris,  -re 

audlrent  audiretur 


Perfect. 


audiverimus 

audiveritis 

audiverint 


auditus, 
-a,  -um, 


sim 

sis 

sit 


PLURAL. 

audiamur 
audiamini 
audiantur 


audiremur 
audiremini 
audirentur 


auditl, 
-ae,  -a, 


sitis 
I  sint 


Pluperfect. 

audivissemus  r  essem  f  essemus 

,.  ,         .         auditus,  1  auditi,  _  . 

audivissetis  \  esses  \  essetis 

.  .  -a,  -um,  -ae,  -a, 

audivissent  I  esset  I  essent 


Note.  —  The  subjunctive  of  capio  and  other  -i  stems  of  the 
third  conjugation  is  like  the  subjunctive  of  rego.  Review  para- 
graph 193. 


247. 


Vocabulary, 


Aeduus,  -I,  -an,  Haeduan. 

agmen,  -inis,  n.,  battle-line. 

libenter  (2idv.),glad/y. 

cum  (conj.),  when,  since. 

Conor,  -ari.  -atus  sum,  to  at- 
tempt. 

obsideo,  -ere,  -sedi,  -sessus, 
to  besiege. 


intercludo,  -ere,  -clusi,  -clii- 

sus,  to  shut  off. 
peto,  -ere,  petivi,  petitus,  to 

seek. 
traducOy  -ere,  -duxi,  -ductus, 

to  lead  across. 
funditor,  -oris,  m.,  slinger. 


SUBJUNCTIVE   IN  RELATIVE   CLAUSES         1 55 

248.  Exercises  in  Translation. 

I.  1.  Caesar  partem  suorum  mllitum  traducere  conatus 
est  qui  hostes  vincerent.  2.  Multl  sunt  qui  haec  sciant. 
3.  Aedui  legatos  ad  Caesarem  mlserunt,  qui  auxilium  ab  eo 
peterent.  4.  Prima  luce  totum  exercitum,  qui  agmen  hos- 
tium  intercluderet,  mlsit.  5.  Quis  es  qui  amicis  libenter 
iniuriam  facias?  6.  Nulla  via  erat  quae  non  obsideretur. 
7.  Quis  est  quern  amlci  sul  non  laudent  ?  8.  Caesar  legatum 
mlsit,  qui  novas  legiones  in  Galliam  duceret. 

II.  1.  The  enemy  sent  ambassadors  to  the  Romans, 
who  should  seek  peace.  2.  Who  is  there  that  will  not  kill 
the  enemies  of  the  Roman  people?  3.  There  were  those 
who  came  to  Rome  after  the  battle.  4.  Caesar  sent  ambas- 
sadors to  Rome,  who  should  say  that  the  Gauls  were  con- 
quered. 5.  The  Gauls  seeing  our  men,  fled  into  the  forests. 
6.  That  the  enemy  may  be  defeated,  we  will  advance  into 
their  country.  7.  Caesar  made  a  bridge  that  it  might  be  an 
aid  to  him.  8.  He  sends  ambassadors  to  the  Haeduans 
that  he  may  have  an  abundance  of  grain. 


Miles. 


i56 


BEGINNERS'   LATIN  BOOK 


LESSON    LXXIII. 

Cum-Clauses. 

2490  Clauses  introduced  by  cum  may  express  time,  cause, 
or  concession. 

Rules. — a.  In  cum-clauses  expressing  time,  if  the  tense  is 
present,  future,  historical  perfect,  or  future  perfect,  the  indica- 
tive is  used ;  if  the  tense  is  imperfect  or  pluperfect,  the  sub- 
junctive is  used. 

b.  In  cum-clauses  expressing  cause  or  concession,  the  sub- 
junctive is  always  used. 

Examples  :  — 

a.  Cum  Caesar  in  Galliam  venit,  duae  factiones  erant. 
When  Caesar  arrived  in  Gaid,  there  were  two  factions . 
Caesar   cum   ex   captivis   quaereret,  hanc   causam 

reperiebat. 
When  Caesar  inquired  of  the  captives,  he  found  this  cause. 

b.  Cum  nobis  naves  non  essent,  venire  non  poteramus. 
Since  we  did  not  have  boats,  we  could  not  cotne. 

250.    Learn  the  irregular  verb  fero,  to  bear,  carry. 
Principal  Parts  :  fero,  ferre,  tuli,  latus. 
Indicative. 


Active. 


Passive. 


Present. 

SINGULAR. 

PLURAL. 

singular. 

PLURAL. 

I. 

fero 

ferimus 

feror 

ferimur 

2. 

fers 

fertis 

ferris,  -re 

ferimini 

3- 

fert 

ferunt 

fertur 

Imperfect. 

feruntur 

i. 

ferebam 

ferebamus 

ferebar 

ferebamur 

2. 

ferebas 

ferebatis 

ferebaris,  -re 

ferebamini 

3« 

ferebat 

ferebant 

ferebatur 

ferebantur 

CUM-CLAUSES 


157 


Future. 

I. 

feram 

feremus 

ferar 

feremur 

2. 

feres 

feretis 

fereris,  - 

re 

feremini 

3- 

feret 

ferent 

feretur 

Perfect. 

ferentur 

1. 
2. 

tuli 
tulisti 

tulimus 
tulistis 

latus 

f  sum 
\  es 

r  sumus 
lati 

\  estis 

3- 

tulit 

.    ,_        .              -a,  -um 
tulerunt,  -re 

I  est 

-ae,  -a 

I  sunt 

Pluperfect. 

1. 

2. 

tuleram 
tuleras 

tuleramus 
tuleratis 

latus, 

r  eram 
\  eras 

lati, 

'  eramusf 
eratis 

3- 

tulerat 

tulerant 

-a,  -um, 

I  erat 

-ae,  -a, 

. erant 

Future  Perfect. 

1. 
2. 

tulero 
tuleris 

tulerimus 
tuleritis 

latus, 

r  ero 
\  eris 

r  erimus 
lati, 

\  eritis 

3- 

tulerit 

tulerint 

-a,  -um, 

Subjunctive 
Present. 

I  erit 

-ae,  -a, 

1     ?  I  erunt 

1. 

feram 

feramus 

ferar 

feramur 

2. 

feras 

feratis 

feraris,  - 

re 

feramini 

3- 

ferat 

ferant 

feratur 

Imperfect. 

ferantur 

1. 

ferrem 

ferremus 

ferrer 

ferremur 

2. 

ferres 

ferretis 

ferreris, 

-re 

ferremini 

3- 

ferret 

ferrent 

ferretur 

Perfect. 

ferrentur 

1. 

2. 

tulerim 
tuleris 

tulerimus 
tuleritis 

latus, 

r  sim 

\  sis 

lati, 

f  simus 
sitis 

3- 

tulerit 

tulerint 

-a,  -um, 

I  sit 

-ae,  -a, 

sint 

i58 


BEGINNERS'   LATIN  BOOK 


Pluperfect, 
singular.  plural.  singular. 

1.  tulissem  tulissemus 

2.  tulisses  tulissetis 

3.  tulisset  tulissent 

Imperative. 
fer  ferte  ferre 


latus, 
-a,  -urn, 


essem 

esses 

esset 


lati, 
-ae,  -a, 


essemus 

essetis 

essent 


feriminl 


Infinitives. 


Pres.  ferre 

Perf.  tulisse 

Fut.  laturus  esse 

Pres.  ferens 

Fut.  laturus 

251. 


Participles. 


ferri 

latus  esse 
latum  iri 

Perf.  latus 
Ger.    ferendus 


Vocabulary, 


riirsus  (adv.),  again.  accedo,  -ere,  -cessi,  cessus, 

urgeo,  -ere,  ursi,  — ,  to  impel,  to  approach. 

urge.  affero,  -ferre,  attuli,  allatus, 

procedo,  -ere,  -cessi,  -cessus,  to  bring,  to  carry  to. 

to  advance.  proicio,   -ere,   -ieci,   -iectus, 

cohortor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  to  to  throw  forth. 

encourage.  — ,    — ,    coepi,    coeptus,    to 

recipio,  -ere,  -cepi,   -ceptus,  begin. 

to  regain,  take  back. 


252. 


Exercises  in  Translation, 


I.  1.  Caesar,  cum  suos  urgeri  videret,  in  prlmam  aciem 
processit  et  milites  cohortatus  est.  2.  Eodem  tempore 
equites  nostri,  cum  se  in  castra  reciperent,  rursus  aliam  in 


VERBS   OF  FEARING  1 59 

partem  fugam  petebant.  3.  Cum  ad  id  oppidum  accessis- 
set,  pueri  mulieresque  pacem  petlverunt.  4.  Cum  nuntius 
veniet,  cognoscemus.  5.  Cum  esset  Caesar  in  citeriore 
Gallia  in  hlbernis,  crebri  ad  eum  nuntii  afferebantur.  6.  Hoc 
cum  voce  magna  dlxisset,  se  ex  navi  proiecit. 

II.  1.  Since  we  love  our  native  land,  we  will  fight  for 
her.  2.  When  he  who  carried  the  eagle  of  the  tenth  legion 
called,  the  other  soldiers  followed.  3.  When  the  letters  of 
Caesar  had  been  carried  to  Rome,  all  men  rejoiced.  4.  When 
he  had  said  this,  he  began  to  carry  the  eagle  against  (into) 
the  enemy.  5.  Although  Caesar  is  in  Gaul,  many  letters 
are  brought  to  him.  6.  When  Caesar  is  in  Gaul,  many 
letters  are  brought  to  him. 


LESSON    LXXIV. 

The   Subjunctive   with   Verbs    of  Fearing. 

253.  Rule.  —  Verbs  of  fearing  are  followed  by  the  sub- 
junctive  with  ne  and  ut,  ne  being  used  to  express  the 
affirmative  and  ut  the  negative. 

Examples  :  — 

a.  Timemus  ne  exercitus  veniat. 

We  fear  that  the  army  will  come. 

b.  Timemus  ut  auxilium  feratur. 

We  fear  that  help  will  not  be  brought. 


l6o  BEGINNERS'   LATIN  BOOK 

254.  The  irregular  verb  fio  is  simply  the  passive  voice  of 
facio.  The  compound  tenses  are  omitted  here,  since  they 
have  been  learned  in  connection  with  the  third  conjugation. 

Learn  the  conjugation  of  fio. 

Principal  Parts:   fio,  fieri,  f actus  sum. 


Indicative. 

Present. 

Imperfect. 

Future. 

sing. 

PLU. 

sing. 

PLU. 

SING.              PLU. 

I. 

fio 

fimus 

fiebam 

fiebamus 

flam       fiemus 

2. 

fis 

fitis 

fiebas 

fiebatis 

fies         fietis 

3- 

fit 

fiunt 

flebat 

fiebant 

fiet         fient 

Subjunctive. 
Present.                                    Imperfect. 

sing. 

PLU. 

SING. 

PLU. 

i. 

flam 

fiamus 

i  .    fierem 

fieremus 

2. 

fias 

fiatis 

2.    fieres 

fieretis 

3- 

flat 

fiant 

3 .    fieret 

fierent 

Imperative. 

Infinitives. 

sing. 

PLU. 

Pres. 

fieri 

fi 

fite 

Perf. 
Fut. 

factus  esse 
factum  iri 

Participles. 

Pi 

*ES.     

—           Perf. 

factus           Ger.    faciendus 

255.  Vocabulary. 

fib,  fieri,  factus  sum,  be  made,  valeo,  -ere,  valui,  — ,  to  be 

to  beco7ne.  well. 

vereor,  -eri,  veritus  sum,  to  offendo,  -ere,  offendT,  offen- 

fear,  be  afraid  of.  sus,  to  offend,  displease. 

timeo,  -ere,  -ui,  — ,  to  fear.  paco,    -are,    -avi,    -atus,    to 

metuo,  -ere,  metui,  metutus,  pacify,   subdue. 

to  fear. 


VERBS   OF  FEARING  l6l 

256.  Exercises  in  Translation. 

I.  i.  Vereor  ut  regi  placere  possim.  2.  Dux  timuit  ne, 
magno  itinere  facto,  hostes  oppidum  oppugnarent.  3.  Agri- 
cola  dicit  se  timere  ne  milites  agros  vastent.  4.  Mali 
homines  timent  ne  puniantur.  5.  Hostes,  timentes  ne 
vincerentur,  legatos  ad  Caesarem  mfserunt.  6.  Nautae 
metuerunt  ne  naves  a  dels  tempestate  delerentur.  7.  Cae- 
sar veretur  ne  hostes  locum  occupent.  8.  Mater  timet  ut 
filia  valeat. 

II.  1.  He  was  fearing  that  he  should  offend.  2.  He 
was  fearing  that  the  allies  would  not  come.  3.  Caesar  was 
fearing  that  the  king  would  not  avoid  suspicions.  4.  I  fear 
that  he  is  not  able  to  lead  a  strong  army.  5.  I  am  afraid 
that  this  will  not  be  done.  6.  I  fear  that  my  son  will  not  be 
able  to  come.  7.  They  had  feared  lest  the  army  of  the 
Roman  people  should  winter  in  Gaul.  8.  They  feared  that, 
all  Gaul  having  been  pacified,  our  army  would  be  led  to 
them. 


Pedes. 


1 62  BEGINNERS'   LATIN  BOOK 

LESSON   LXXV. 
Indirect   Questions. 

257.  When  a  dependent  clause  is  introduced  by  an  in- 
terrogative word  and  contains  the  substance  of  a  question, 
though  not  in  interrogative  form,  it  is  called  an  indirect 
question. 

Rule.  —  The  verb  of  an  indirect  question  is  in  the  sub- 
junctive. 

Example.  —  Scimus  quia  Gallos  superaverit. 

We  know  who  overca7ne  the  Gauls. 

258.  Learn  the  conjugation  of  void,  nolo,  maid. 

Principal  Parts  :  — 

volo,  velle,  volui,  to  be  willing,  to  desire. 
nolo,  nolle,  nolui,  to  be  unwilling. 
maid,  malle,  malui,  to  prefer. 

Indicative. 

Present, 
sing.  plu.  sing.  plu.  sing.  plu. 

1.  void      volumus     nolo  nolumus     maid         malumus 

2.  vis         vultis  non  vis     nSnvultis  mavis       mavultis 

3.  vult       volunt        nonvult    nolunt         mavult    malunt 

Note.  —  The  remaining  forms  of  the  indicative,  volebam, 
nolebam,  etc.,  of  the  third  conjugation,  are  regular. 


INDIRECT  QUESTIONS 


163 


SING.  PLU. 

1 .  velim  velimus 

2.  veils  velitis 

3.  velit  velint 


Subjunctive. 
Present. 

sing.  PLU. 

nolim       nolimus 
nolis        nolitis 
nolit        nolint 


SING.  PLU. 

malim  malimus 

malls  malitis 

malit  malint 


Imperfect. 

1.  vellem    vellemus    nollem    nollemus  mallem  mallemus 

2.  velles     velletis      nolles      nolletis  malles  malletis 

3.  vellet      vellent       nollet      nollent  mallet  mallent 

Note.  —  The  remaining  forms  of  these  verbs  are  regular  of 
the  third  conjugation.  The  imperative  is  found  only  in  nolo ; 
there  are  nt)  future  infinitives  nor  participles ;  no  present  parti- 
ciple of  malo. 


259. 


Vocabulary. 


intellego,  -ere,  -lexi,  -lectus, 

to  understand. 
quaero,  -ere,  quaesivi,  quae- 

situs,  to  ask,  inquire. 
loquor,  loqui,  locutus  sum, 

to  speak. 
praemitto,     -mittere,    -misT, 

-missus,   to  send  forward. 
si  (conj.),*/- 


miror,  -arT,  -atus  sum,  to  ad- 
mire, wonder  at. 

reperio,  -perire,  repperT, 
-pertus,   to  find,   discover. 

legatio,  -5nis,  f.,  emoassy. 

quantus,  -a,  -urn,  how  much, 
how  great. 

qualis,  quale,  of  what  sort. 

utrum  (conj.),  whether. 


260. 


Exercises  in  Translation. 


I.     1.   Ubi  fueris  proxima  nocte  intellegere  non  possum. 

2.  Oculis  non  potest  iudicari  in  utram  partem  flumen  fluat. 

3.  Scio  quis  sit  ille  vir.     4.   Magister  ab  illo  quaesivit  cur 


1 64  BEGINNERS'  LATIN  BOOK 

afuisset.  5.  Scio  cur  agricolae  Romae  consules  saepe  fact! 
sint.  6.  Mlsit  qui  cognoscerent  qualis  esset  natura  montis. 
7.  Ponit  custodes  ut  scire  possit  quae  agat,  quibuscum  lo 
quatur.  8.  Caesar  dixit  de  quarta  vigilia  se  castra  moturum 
esse  ut  intellegere  posset  quis  esset  imperator  hostium. 

II.  1.  Caesar  asked  in  what  direction  the  river  flowed. 
2.  The  leader  sent  the  soldiers  forward  who  should  see  in 
what  direction  the  enemy  had  fled.  3.  The  farmer  won- 
dered what  the  cause  of  his  grief  was.  4.  Tell  me  where 
you  were,  what  you  did.  5.  He  inquired  of  them  what  and 
how  great  states  were  in  arms.  6.  I  inquire  of  you  whether 
you  are  the  chief  of  this  embassy.  7.  He  sends  a  lieutenant 
that  he  may  lay  waste  the  fields.  8.  I  found  out  why  you 
were  absent. 


LESSON   LXXVL 

The  Subjunctive  in  Independent  Sentences. 

261.  The  subjunctive  is  used  in  independent  sentences 
to  express  an  exhortation,  a  command,  a  wish,  doubt,  or 
indignation. 

Rule.  —  Wishes  are  expressed  by  the  subjunctive  with  or 
without  utinam.  The  negative  is  ne.  Wishes  referring  to 
the  future  take  the  present  tense,  unfulfilled  wishes  referring 
to  the  present  take  the  imperfect,  and  wishes  referring  to  the 
past,  the  pluperfect. 


USES  OF  THE  SUBJUNCTIVE 


I65 


Examples:  — 

Affirmative. 
Exhortation  —  Eamus,  Let  us 

go- 
Command  —  Dicat,    Let  him 

tell. 
Command  —  Hoc  f  ac,  Do  this. 
Doubt  —  Hoc  f  aciam.  Shall  I 

do  this  ? 
Wish    (future)  —  Veniant, 

May  they  co?ne  ! 
Wish    (present)  —  (Utinam) 

bonus  esses, 
Would  that  you  were  good. 
Wish  (past)  —  (Utinam) 

bonus  fuisses, 
Would  that  you  had  been  good. 


Negative. 
Ne  eamus,  Let  us  not  go. 

Ne  dicat,  Let  him  not  tell. 

Noli  hoc  f  acere,  Dotft  do  this. 
Hoc  non  faciam.  Shall  I  not 

do  this  ? 
Ne    veniant,   May    they    not 

come  I 
Utinam  ne  malus  esses? 
Would  that  you  were  not  bad. 

Utinam  ne  malus  fuieses, 

Woidd  that  you  had  not  been 
bad. 


262.   Learn  the  conjugation  of  eo. 
Principal  Parts  :   eo,  ire,  Ivi  (ii),  itus,  to  go. 
Indicative.  Subjunctive. 


singular, 

PLURAL. 

5  J1.IN  1  • 

SINGULAR. 

PLURAL. 

1.   eo 

Imus 

earn 

eamus 

2.    is 

itis 

eas 

eatis 

3.  it 

eunt 

eat 

eant 

Imperfect. 

1.   ibam 

Ibamus 

irem 

irenius 

2.    lb  as 

ibatis 

ires 

iretis 

3.   ibat 

ibant 

iret 

irent 

1 66 


BEGINNERS'  LATIN  BOOK 


SINGULAR. 

r  uiukc 
PLURAL.                        SINGULAR. 

PLURAL, 

I. 

ibo 

ibimus 

2. 

ibis 

ibitis 

3- 

ibit 

ibunt 

Perfect. 

i. 

1V1 

ivimus                    lverim 

lverimus 

2. 

ivisti 

ivistis                     iveria 

iveritis 

3- 

ivit 

Iverant                   iverit 

Pluperfect. 

iverint 

i. 

Iveram 

Iveramus                ivissem 

ivissemus 

2. 

Iveras 

Iveratis                   ivisses 

ivissetis 

3- 

Iverat 

iverant                   ivisset 

Future  Perfect. 

ivissent 

i. 

Ivero 

lverimus 

2. 

Iveria 

Iveritis 

3- 

Iverit 

Iverint 

Imperative, 
singular.                       plural. 

Present. 

I                                   ite 

Infinitives. 

Tb 

:es.     ire 

Perf.     ivisse  (isse)          Fut. 
Participles. 

iturus  esse 

Vi 

les.    iens, 

euntis     Fut.   iturua             Ger. 

eundus 

263. 


Vocabulary, 


eo,  ire,  IvT,  itus,  to  go.  exeo,    -ire,    -ii,    -itus,    to  go 

redeo,  -ire,  -ii,  -itus,  to  return.  away,  go  out. 

transeo,    -ire,    -ii,    -itus,    to      ineo,  -ire,  -ii,  -itus,  to  go  in, 
cross.  enter. 

enim  (conj.),  for. 


USES   OF  THE  SUBJUNCTIVE  1 67 

confero,  -ferre,  -tuli,  -latus,  sto,  stare,  steti,  — ,  to  stand, 

to  collect.  dignus,  -a,  -urn,  worthy. 

maneo,  -ere,  mansi,  mansus,  impius,  -a,   -um,  wicked,  im- 

to  remain,  pious. 

consentio,  -ire,  -sens!,  -sen-  utinam  (adv.),  0  that,  would 

sus,  to  agree.  that. 

cogito,   -are,   -avi,   -atus,  to  inire    consilium,   to  form  a 

think.  plan. 

264.  Exercises  in  Translation. 

L  1.  Amemus  patriam  ut  bom  elves  simus.  2.  Impii 
ne  placare  audeant  deos.  3.  Rex  dixit :  "  Curae  tibi  sit  ea 
res."     4.  Utinam  doml  essem  ingens  enim  leo  ad  me  venit. 

5.  Quid  faciam?  Nam  omnes  consentiunt  leonem  esse 
homini  inimlcum.     6.  Noli  putare  me  patriam  non  amare. 

7.  Curet   ut  vir  dignus  sit,  et   cogitet   quo   in   loco   stet. 

8.  Utinam  domo  afuisset.  9.  Simus  fortes ;  pugnemus  pro 
patria.     10.  Redeamus  domum. 

II.  1.  Let  us  cross  this  river.  2.  Let  them  go  into 
battle  at  night  in  order  that  the  enemy  may  not  see  them. 

3.  May  they  bring  back  a  victory  and  save  their  country. 

4.  Would  that  many  youths  chose  rather  to  remain  with  their 
parents  than  to  go  away  from  home  !  5.  Why  have  you  gone 
away  from  home  ?     Would  that  you  had  remained  at  home  ! 

6.  May  he  be  a  just  man  and  a  good  judge  !  7.  Let  us 
collect  all  our  goods  and  go  into  the  province.  8.  Would 
that  you  had  been  a  faithful  friend  and  a  man  worthy  of  con- 
fidence !  9.  Shall  I  begin  to  form  plans  concerning  war? 
10.  O  that  you  may  always  be  a  good  citizen  and  love  your 
country  ! 


168 


BEGINNERS'   LATIN  BOOK 


LESSON    LXXVIL 
Conditional   Sentences. 

265.  A  conditional  sentence  consists  of  two  clauses,  an 
independent  and  a  dependent  clause.  The  independent 
clause,  the  Apodosis,  contains  the  conclusion ;  the  de- 
pendent clause,  the  Protasis,  contains  the  condition.  The 
condition  is  generally  introduced  by  some  form  of  si,  if. 

Conditions  are  divided  into  two  general  classes,  those  of 
present  or  past  time,  and  those  of  future  time.  The  follow- 
ing diagram  presents  the  various  divisions  :  — 


Conditions  H 


Present 

or 

Past 


Future  < 


Nothing  Implied 
Contrary  to  Fact 
Vivid  (Probable) 
Less  Vivid  (Possible) 


'  Prot.,  Ind. 
Apod.,  Ind. 

Prot.,  Subj. 
Apod.,  Subj. 

f  Prot,  Ind. 
[Apod.,  Ind. 

Prot.,  Subj. 
Apod.,  Subj. 


266.  Rules. —  a.  In  conditional  sentences  of  present  or 
past  time  implying  no  thing. as  to  fact,  the  indicative  is  used  in 
both  clauses. 

b.  In  conditions  of  present  or  past  time  contrary  to  fact 
the  imperfect  and  the  pluperfect  subjunctive  are  used  in  both 
clauses,  the  imperfect  referring  to  present  time,  the  pluperfect 
to  past  time. 


CONDITIONAL  SENTENCES  1 69 

Examples  :  — 

'  Si  vincit,  laetatur,  if  he  conquers,  he  rejoices. 
Si  vincebat,  laetabatur,  if  he  was  conquering,  he  was 
rejoicing. 
L  Si  vlcit,  laetatus  est,  if  he  conquered,  he  rejoiced. 

SI  vinceret,  laetaretur,  if  he  were  conquering,  he  would 

be  rejoicing. 
Si  vicisset,  laetatus  esset,  if  he  had  conquered,  he  would 

have  rejoiced. 

267.  Vocabulary. 

opprimo,  -ere,  -press!,  -pres-  incito,   -are,   -avi,    -atus,   to 

sus,  to  overwhelm.  urge  on,  encourage. 

pr5vide5,  -ere,  -vidi,  -visus,  creo,     -are,    -avi,    -atus,    to 

to  take  care,  provide.  make,  elect. 

pervenio,  -ire,  -venT,  -ventus,  penna,  -ae,  f.,  feather,  wing. 

to  come,  arrive.  nisi  (conj.),  unless,  if  not. 

268.  Exercises  in  Translation. 

I.  1 .  Si  pugnat,  vincit.  2.  Si  pugnaret,  vinceret.  3.  Nisi 
id  fieret,  non  adessem.  4.  Aves  nisi  pennas  haberent  volare 
non  possent.  5.  Res  publica  oppressa  esset,  nisi  consul 
providisset.  6.  Si  dignus  esses,  qui  Romanus  appellareris, 
hostibus  resisteres.  7.  Si  hoc  dixisses,  erravisses.  8.  Si 
imperator  factus  esses,  omnes  hostes  vicisses.  9.  Dictatores 
a  Romanis  creabantur,  si  urbs  magno  in  periculo  erat. 
10.  Si   equum  incitavisset,  celeriter  ad  castra  pervenisset. 

II.  1.  If  I  had  not  urged  on  my  horse,  I  should  not 
have  arrived  at  the  city.     2.  If  you  wish,  you  may  return 


lyo  BEGINNERS'   LATIN  BOOK 

on  the  tenth  day.  3.  If  he  had  remained  at  home,  he 
would  not  have  been  killed.  4.  If  Cincinnatus  had  been 
commander,  the  enemy  would  have  been  conquered. 
5.  If  the  cavalry  crossed  the  river,  they  remained  in  the 
city.  6.  If  you  were  writing  a  letter  to  your  friend,  we 
should  be  glad.  7.  If  Caesar  had  adopted  another  plan  of 
battle,  he  would  easily  have  conquered  the  enemy.  8.  He 
thought,  these  having  been  conquered,  that  he  could  lead 
the  army  into  the  territories  of  the  Haeduans.  9.  Would 
that  the  leader  had  overcome  the  soldiers  of  the  enemy  ! 
10.  If  this  had  not  been  done,  I  should  not  have  been  present. 


LESSON   LXXVIII. 
Conditional   Sentences  (Continued). 

269.  Future  conditions  are  divided  into  two  classes,  the 
vivid  and  the  less  vivid.  The  vivid  expresses  probability ; 
the  less  vivid,  mere  possibility. 

270.  Rules.  —  a.  In  vivid  future  conditions  the  indicative 
is  used  in  both  clauses. 

b.  In  less  vivid  future  conditions  the  subjunctive  is  used 
in  both  clauses. 

In  the  vivid  condition,  the  future  or  future  perfect  indica- 
tive is  used  in  the  protasis,  and  the  future  in  the  apodosis ; 
in  the  less  vivid  future  condition  the  present  or  perfect 
subjunctive  is  used  in  the  protasis,  and  the  present  or 
perfect  subjunctive  in  the  apodosis. 


CONDITIONAL   SENTENCES  171 

Examples  :  — 

SI  vincet,  laetabitur.     If  he  conquers*  he  will  rejoice. 
SI  vlcerit,  laetabitur.     If  he  conquers,  he  will  rejoice. 

f  SI  vincat,  laetetur.     If  he  should  conquer,  he  would  rejoice. 
\  SI  vlcerit,  laetatus  sit.     If  he  should  conquer,  he  would 
rejoice. 

271.  Vocabulary. 

tolero,  -are,  -avl,  -atus,  to  endure,  bear. 

occldo,  -ere,  -cldl,  -clsus,  to  kill. 

renuntio,  -are,  -avl,  -atus,  to  report,  announce. 

272.  Exercises  in  Ti'anslation. 

I.  1.  Si  pugnabit,  vincet.  2.  Si  pugnayerit,  vincet.  3.  Si 
id  fiet,  provinciae  penculosum  erit.  4.  Si  Romam  ibis, 
multa  et  pulchra  aedificia  videbis.  5.  Si  Athenas  eas, 
pulchram  et  claram  urbem  videas.  6.  Si  Caesar  equites 
praemittat,  pontem  transeant.  7.  Si  dux  milites  praemittet, 
magnum  hostium  numerum  Occident.  8.  Legatus  nisi  inter- 
fectus  erit,  in  Italiam  revertetur  ut  consull  haec  renuntiet. 

II.  1.  If  he  will  conquer  Asia,  will  it  endure  two  kings? 
2.  If  he  should  do  this,  it  would  be  well.  3.  If  he  should 
go  to  Athens,  he  would  see  a  great  city.  4.  If  he  will  go 
into  Italy,  he  will  see  Rome,  a  beautiful  city.  5.  If  the 
army  should  cross  the  river,  the  enemy  would  not  follow. 
6.  If  Caesar  conquers  the  enemy,  he  will  make  a  bridge, 
that  the  river  may  be  crossed  without  boats.  7.  If  he 
had  been  present,  we  should  have  been  glad.  8.  Would 
that  he  had  been  present ! 


172  BEGINNERS'    LATIN  BOOK 

LESSON   LXXIX. 
Gerund,    Gerundive,    and    Supine. 

273.  The  gerund  is  a  neuter  verbal  noun  of  the  second 
declension.  As  a  noun  it  is  itself  governed  by  other  words  j 
as  a  verb  it  may  take  an  object.  It  lacks  the  nominative 
case,  which  is  supplied  by  the  infinitive.  The  accusative  of 
the  gerund  is  used  only  as  the  object  of  a  preposition. 
Otherwise  the  infinitive  is  used. 

Learn  the  gerunds  of  the  four  conjugations  and  the 
irregular  verbs :  — 

Gerunds.  Gerund  Declined. 

i.     amandum  N.     ■ 

2.     monendum  G.     amandi 

regendum  D.     amando 


3. 

1  capiendum  A.     amandum 

4.     audiendum  A.     amando 

ferendum 

eundum 

274.  The  gerundive,  or  future  passive  participle,  is  a 
verbal  adjective,  and  is  declined  as  a  regular  adjective  of 
the  first  and  second  declensions. 

Learn  the  gerundives  of  the  four  conjugations  and  of  fer5. 
Gerundives. 

1.  amandus,  -a,  -um 

2.  monendus,  -a,  -um 
Jregendus,  -a,  -um 
[capiendus,  -a,  -um 

4.     audiendus,  -a,  -um 
ferendus,  -a,  -um 


GERUND,    GERUNDIVE,   AND   SUPINE  173 

Rule.  —  The  accusative  of  the  gerund  or  gerundive  with 
ad  is  used  to  denote  purpose. 

Instead  of  the  genitive  or  the  ablative  of  the  gerund  with 
a  direct  object,  another  construction  may  be,  and  very  often 
is,  used.  This  consists  in  putting  the  direct  object  in  the 
case  of  the  gerund  and  using  the  gerundive  in  agreement 
with  it.     This  is  called  the  gerundive  construction. 

Examples  :  — 

(Gerund.)    Potestas  datur  urbem  capiendi. 

An  opportunity  of  taking  the  city  is  offered. 
(Gerundive.)    Potestas  datur  urbis  capiendae. 

An  opportunity  of  taking  the  city  is  offered. 

275.  The  supine  is  a  verbal  noun  of  the  fourth  declension 
having  no  distinction  of  tense  or  person,  and  is  found  in  the 
accusative  and  ablative  cases  only. 

Rule.  —  The  supine  in  -urn  is  used  after  verbs  of  motion 
to  express  purpose  ;  the  supine  in  -u  is  used  only  with  a  few 
adjectives,  with  the-  nouns  fas,  nefas,  and  opus  as  an  abla- 
tive of  specification. 

Learn  the  supines  of  the  four  conjugations  and  of  fero 
and  eo :  — 


Accusative. 

Ablative. 

I. 

amatum 

amatxi 

2. 

monitum 

monitu 

3- 

[rectum 

rectii 

{ captum 

captii 

4. 

audit  urn 

auditu 

latum 

latu 

itum 

itu 

174  BEGINNERS'  LATIN  BOOK 

276.  Vocabulary. 

oneraria  navis,  f.,  transport  sumo,-ere,  sumpsi,  sumptus, 

ship.  to  take. 

satis  (adv.),  enough.  conventus,  -us,  m.,  assembly. 

delibero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  to  transports,  -are,  -avi,  -atus, 

deliberate.  to  carry  across. 

confirms,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  to  imports,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  to 

confirm,  to  establish.  import. 

credS,  -ere,  -didi,  -ditus,  to  respondeS,     -ere,     -spondi, 

believe.  -sponsus,  to  reply,  answer. 

existimo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  to  legS,    -ere,    legi,    lectus,    to 

think,  judge.  read. 

effemino,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  to  pertineS,  -ere,  -ui,  -tentus,  to 

enervate.  pertain,  belong. 

211.  Exercises  in  Translation. 

I.  i.  Caesar  legatis  respondit,  diem  se  ad  deliberandum 
sumpturum  esse.  2.  Caesar  loquendi  finem  facit.  3.  Hos- 
tibus  pugnandi  potestatem  fecit.  4.  Ipse  in  citeriorem 
Galliam  ad  conventus  agendos  profectus  est.  5.  Ea,  quae 
ad  effeminandos  animos  pertinent,  important.  6.  Existima- 
bat  LXXX  navis  onerarias  esse  satis  ad  duas  transportandas 
legiones.  7.  Decima  legio  se  esse  ad  bellum  gerendum 
paratissimam  confirmavit.  8.  Discipuli  quae  facillima  sunt 
factu  facient.  9.  LegatI  ad  pacem  petendam  venerunt. 
10.  LegatI  pacem  petitum  venerunt. 

II.  1.  The  army  used  many  horses  for  transporting  grain. 
2.  Caesar  delays  in  this  place  for  the  sake  of  preparing  his 
ships.     3.  These  books  are  suitable  for  reading.     4.  We  are 


THE  PERIPHRASTIC   CONJUGATION  1 75 

thinking  about  taking  the  city.  5.  He  says  that  seeing 
is  believing.  6.  He  sent  the  farmers  into  the  fields  to 
collect  grain.  7.  The  messenger  hastens  to  carry  a  letter  to 
Rome.  8.  The  city  having  been  besieged,  to  surrender  was 
the  best  thing  to  do.  9.  Ambassadors  came  to  him  to  beg 
peace. 


LESSON    LXXX. 

The    Periphrastic    Conjugation. 

278.  The  active  periphrastic  conjugation  is  formed  by 
combining  the  future  active  participle  with  the  verb  sum ; 
the  passive  periphrastic  conjugation  is  formed  by  combining 
the  gerundive  with  the  verb  sum  ;  as  follows  :  — 

Present  Indicative. 
Active.  Passive, 

singular.  plural.  singular.  plural. 

amaturus  sum       amaturi  sumus      amandus  sum       amandi  sumus 
amaturus  es  amaturi  estis  amandus  es  amandi  estis 

amaturus  est         amaturi  sunt  amandus  est         amandi  sunt 

The  future  active  and  the  future  passive  participle  are 
combined  in  this  way  with  all  the  moods  and  tenses  of  sum. 
The  tenses  are  called  present,  imperfect,  etc.,  according  to 
the  tense  of  sum  employed. 

The  passive  periphrastic  conjugation  involves  the  idea  of 
duty,  necessity,  or  obligation. 


176  BEGINNERS'   LATIN  BOOK 

Examples:  — 
(Active.)    1116  tempore  Caesar  Homae  recturus  erat. 

At  that  time  Caesar  was  about  to  rule  at  Rome. 

(Passive.)  Omnia  uno  tempore  agenda  erant. 

All  things  had  to  be  done  at  one  time. 

279.  Rule.  —  The  passive  periphrastic  conjugation  is  fol- 
lowed by  the  dative  denoting  the  agent. 

Example  :  — 

Caesari  omnia  uno  tempore  agenda  erant. 

All  things  had  to  be  done  by  Caesar  at  one  time. 

Review  paragraph  70. 

280.  Vocabulary. 

conficio,  -ere,  -feci,  -fectus,  morior,  mori,  mortuus  sum, 

to  finish.  to  die. 

currS,  -ere,  cucurri,  cursus,  supplicatio,  -onis,  f.,  thanks- 

to  run.  giving. 

decerns,  -ere,  -crevi, -cretus,  partio,    -ire,    -ivi,    -Itus,    to 

to  decree.  divide. 

distribuo,  -ere,  -ui,  -utus,  to  revoco,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,   to 

distribute.  call  back. 

vendS,  -ere,  -didi,  -ditus,  to  sell, 

281.  Exercises  in  Translation. 

I.  1.  Dux  decimam  legionem  trans  Humeri  missurus  erat. 
2.  Mllitibus  inita  aestate  bellum  gerendum  erit.  3.  Dixit 
pontem  mllitibus  faciendum  esse.  4.  Acies  instruenda, 
signum  dandum,  mllites  ab  opere  revocandf  sunt.    5.  Castra 


REVIEW  IN  VOCABULARY 


177 


munienda  erunt  et  copiae  nostrae  trans  flumen  ducendae 
erunt.  6.  Mllitibus  ad  flumen  currendum  est.  7.  Putavit 
exercitum  sibi  partiendum  et  distribuendum  esse.  8.  Utinam 
domum  iturus  essem. 

II.  1.  On  that  day  Caesar  was  about  to  sell  the  booty. 
2.  The  farmer  is  about  to  call  his  daughter.  3.  Money  must 
be  given  to  the  queen  by  the  poet.  4.  When  Caesar  arrived, 
the  army  had  to  be  led  into  winter-quarters  by  the  leaders. 
5.  A  thanksgiving  must  be  decreed  for  Caesar  by  the  Roman 
senate.  6.  If  I  am  about  to  die,  it  is  well.  7.  If  Gaul  must 
be  subdued,  Caesar  must  subdue  it.  8.  The  work  must  be 
finished  this  day. 


LESSON    LXXXI. 

Review    in    Vocabulary. 

282.  The  following  vocabulary  contains  all  the  new  words 
introduced  since  Lesson  LXIV.  These  words  should  be 
studied  with  care  ;  the  English  equivalents  should  be  learned 
and  the  quantity  of  vowels  should  be  mastered.  Particular 
attention  should  be  given  to  the  principal  parts  of  verbs. 


283. 

Word  List. 

acced5 

agmen 

barbarus 

c5gito 

adventus 

ala 

cano 

cohortor 

Aeduus 

Alexandria 

claudo 

commutatio 

affero 

Anaxagoras 

Cleopatra 

condo 

aggredior 

audeo 

coepi 

confero 

1 78 


BEGINNERS'   LATIN  BOOK 


conficio 

exlstimo 

ne 

relinquo 

conflrmo 

fero 

nolo 

remaneo 

congrego 

fio 

nonnullus 

renovo 

conor 

fluo 

nuntio 

re  nuntio 

consentio 

funditor 

obsidio 

reperio 

contendo 

gigno 

occido 

respondeo 

contra 

Hasdrubal 

oifendo 

revertor 

conventus 

hortor 

Olympus 

revoco 

Crassus 

ignosco 

onerarius 

rursus 

credo 

impius 

opprimo 

satis 

creo 

impono 

orior 

slgnum 

cum 

import5 

paco 

sto 

currd 

incendium 

partio 

sumo 

debeo 

incipio 

penna 

supplicatio 

decernd 

incito 

pertineo 

suspicio 

declaro 

ineo 

pervenio 

sustineo 

dedo 

intellego 

peto 

tarn 

delibero 

intercludo 

Plato 

tantus 

deligo 

invenio 

pono 

timeo 

despero 

iudico 

porta 

tolero 

dlco 

laetor 

possum 

traduco 

dlgnus 

latus 

praeceptor 

transeo 

disco 

legatio 

praemitto 

transports 

distribuo 

lego 

procedo 

urgeo 

doceo 

libenter 

progredior 

ut 

dulcis 

loquor 

prohibeo 

utinam 

educo 

malo 

proicio 

valeo 

effemino 

maneo 

provideo 

vendo 

egredior 

Mars 

quaero 

vereor 

enim 

metuo 

qualis 

vito 

eo 

mlror 

quantus 

V1VUS 

excido 

morior 

recipio 

volo 

exeo 

moror 

redeo 

Xerxes 

TABLES 

OF 

DECLENSION  AND  CONJUGATION. 


NOUNS. 


First  Declension .  —  A-Stems . 


Singular. 

N.  naut-a,  a  sailor. 

G.  naut-ae,  of  a  sailor. 

D.  naut-ae,  to  ox  for  a  sailor. 

A.  naut-am,  a  sailor. 

V.  naut-a,  O  sailor. 

A.  naut-a,  with,   by,  from  a 
sailor. 


Plural. 

naut-ae,  sailors. 
naut-arum,  of  sailors. 
naut-Ts,  to  or  for  sailors. 
naut-as,  sailors. 
naut-ae,  O  sailors. 
naut-Is,  with,   by,  from 
sailors. 


Second  Declension.  —  O-S terns. 

Singular. 

Plural. 

Singular. 

Plural. 

N. 

serv-us 

serv-I 

oppid-um 

oppid-a 

G. 

serv-I 

serv-orum 

oppid-f 

oppid-orum 

D. 

serv-6 

serv-is 

oppid-6 

oppid-is 

A. 

serv-um 

serv-6s 

oppid-um 

oppid-a 

V. 

serv-e 

serv-I 

oppid-um 

oppid-a 

A. 

serv-Q 

serv-Ts 

oppid-6 

oppid-is 

179 


i8o 


BEGINNERS'  LATIN  BOOK 


Sing. 


Plu. 


Sing. 


Plu. 


Sing. 


Plu. 


N. 

puer 

puer-I 

ager 

agr-I 

vir 

vir-I 

G. 

puer-I 

puer-orum 

agr-i 

agr-5rum 

vir-I 

vir-orum 

D. 

puer-6 

puer-Ts 

agr-6 

agr-is 

vir-o 

vir-Ts 

A. 

puer-um 

puer-5s 

agr-um 

agr-6s 

vir-um 

vir-6s 

V. 

puer 

puer-I 

ager 

agr-I 

vir 

vir-I 

A. 

puer-o 

puer-Is 

agr-6 

agr-is 

vir-o 

vir-is 

N. 
G. 
D. 
A. 
V. 
A. 


Singular. 

homo 

homin-is 

homin-I 

homin-em 

homo 

homin-e 


Third  Declension. 
Liquid  Stems. 


Plural. 

homin-es 

homin-um 

homin-ibus 

homin-es 

homin-es 

homin-ibus 


Singular. 

frater 

fratr-is 

fratr-i 

fratr-em 

frater 

fratr-e 


Plural. 

fratr-es 

fratr-um 

fratr-ibus 

fratr-es 

fratr-es 

fratr-ibus 


N.  consul 

G.  consul-is 

D.  consul-I 

A.  consul-em 

V.  consul 

A.  consul-e 

N.  tempus 

G.  tempor-is 

D.  tempor-i 

A.  tempus 

V.  tempus 

A.  tempor-e 


consul-es 

consul-um 

consul-ibus 

consul-es 

cons.ul-es 

consul-ibus 

tempor-a 

tempor-um 

tempor-ibus 

tempor-a 

tempor-a 

tempor-ibus 


scrlptor 

scrlptor-is 

scriptor-I 

scriptor-em 

scrlptor 

scriptor-e 

flumen 

flumin-is 

flumin-i 

flumen 

flumen 

flumin-e 


scrlptor-es 

scriptor-um 

scrlptor-ibus 

scrlptor-es 

scriptor-es 

scrlptor-ibus 

flumin-a 

flumin-um 

flumin-ibus 

flumin-a 

flu'min-a 

flumin-ibus 


TABLES   OF  DECLENSION 


181 


Mute  Stems. 


Singular. 

Plural. 

Singular. 

Plural. 

N. 

virtus 

virtut-es 

hiems 

hiem-es 

G. 

virtu  t-'is 

virtu  t-um 

hiem-is 

hiem-um 

D. 

virtut-I 

virtut-ibus 

hiem-I 

hiem-ibus 

A. 

virtut-em 

virtut-es 

hiem-em 

hiem-es 

V. 

virtus 

virtut-es 

hiems 

hiem-es 

A. 

virtut-e 

virtut-ibus 

hiem-e 

hiem-ibus 

N. 

dux 

duc-es 

rex 

reg-e  s 

G. 

due-is 

duc-um 

reg-is 

reg-um 

D. 

duc-I 

duc-ibus 

reg-I 

reg-ibus 

A. 

duc-em 

duc-es 

reg-em 

reg-es 

V. 

dux 

duc-es 

rex 

reg-es 

A. 

duc-e 

duc-ibus 

reg-e 

reg-ibus 

N. 

princep-s 

princip-es 

pes 

ped-es 

G. 

princip-is 

princip-um 

ped-is 

ped-um 

D. 

princip-i 

princip-ibus 

ped-T 

ped-ibus 

A. 

princip-em 

princip-es 

ped-em 

ped-es 

V. 

princep-s 

princip-es 

pes 

ped-es 

A. 

princip-e 

princip-ibus 
Stems 

ped-e 
in  i. 

ped-ibus 

Singular. 

Plural. 

Singular. 

Plural. 

N. 

civ-is 

clv-es 

host-is 

host-es 

G. 

civ-is 

civ-ium 

host-is 

host-ium 

D. 

clv-i 

civ-ibus 

host-T 

host-ibus 

A. 

civ-em 

clv-es,  -is 

host-em 

host-es,  -is 

V. 

civ-is 

civ-es 

host-is 

host-es 

A. 

civ-e 

civ-ibus 

host-e 

host-ibus 

182 


BEGINNERS'  LATIN  BOOK 


Singular. 

Plural. 

Singular. 

Plural. 

N. 

nox 

noct-es 

animal 

animal-ia 

G. 

noct-is 

noct-ium 

animal-is 

animal-ium 

D. 

noct-I 

noct-ibus 

animal-I 

animal-ibus 

A. 

noct-em 

noct-es,  -Is 

animal 

animal-ia 

V. 

nox 

noct-es 

animal 

animal-ia 

A. 

noct-e 

noct-ibus 

animal-I 

animal-ibus 

Fourth  Declension.  — U-Stems. 

Plural. 
corn-ua 
corn-uum 
corn-ibus 
corn-ua 
corn-ua 
corn-ibus 


Singular. 

Plural. 

Singulai 

N. 

fruct-us 

fruct-us 

corn-u 

G. 

fruct-us 

fruct-u  um 

corn-iis 

D. 

fruct-ul,  -u 

fruct-ibus 

corn-u 

A. 

fruct-um 

fruct-us 

corn-u 

V. 

fruct-us 

fruct-us 

corn-u 

A. 

fruct-u 

fruct-ibus 

corn-u 

Fifth  Declension .  —  E-Stems . 


Singular. 

Plural. 

Singular. 

Plural. 

N. 

di-es 

di-es 

r-es 

r-es 

G. 

di-ei 

di-e  rum 

r-ei 

r-erum 

D. 

di-el 

di-ebus 

r-ei 

r-ebus 

A. 

di-em 

di-es 

r-em 

r-es 

V. 

di-es 

di-es 

r-es 

r-es 

A. 

di-e 

di-ebus 

r-e 

r-ebus 

Special  Paradigms. 

Singular. 

Plural. 

Singular. 

Plural. 

N. 

dom-us 

dom-us 

de-us 

de-T,  di-i",  dl 

G. 

dom-us 

dom-uum,  -orum        de-I 

de-6rum,  de-um 

D. 

dom-ui,  -6 

dom-ibus 

de-6 

de-Is,  di-is,  d-Is 

A. 

dom-um 

dom-6s?  -us 

de-um 

de-6s 

V. 

domus 

dom-us 

de-us 

de-I,  di-I,  dl 

A. 

dom-6,  -u 

dom-ibus 

de-6 

de-Is,  di-Is,  d-Is 

TABLES   OF  DECLENSION 


183 


Singular. 

Plural. 

Singular. 

Plural. 

N. 

senex 

sen-es 

iter 

itiner-a 

G. 

sen-is 

sen-um 

itiner-is 

itiner-um 

D. 

sen-i 

sen-ibus 

itiner-I 

itiner-ibus 

A. 

sen-em 

sen-es 

iter 

itiner-a 

V. 

senex 

sen-es 

iter 

itiner-a 

A. 

sen-e 

sen-ibus 

itiner-e 

itiner-ibus 

N. 
G. 
D. 
A. 
V. 
A. 


ADJECTIVES. 

First  and  Second  Declensions. 

Singular.  Plural. 

M.  F.  N.  M.  F.  N. 

bon-um       bon-I  bon-ae  bon-a 

bon-orum   bon-arum  bon-orum 

bon-is         bon-Is  bon-fs 

bon-os         bon-as  bon-a 

bon-I  bon-ae  bon-a 

bon-Is         bon-is  bon-is 


bon-I 
bon-6 


bon-us  bon-a 

bon-I  bon-ae 

bon-6  bon-ae 

bon-um  bon-am    bon-um 

bon-e  bon-a      bon-um 

bon-6  bon-a       bon-6 


M. 


N. 

miser 

G. 

miser-i 

D. 

miser-6 

A. 

miser-um 

V. 

miser 

A. 

miser-6 

Singular. 

F. 

miser-a 

miser-ae 

miser-ae 

miser-am 

miser-a 

miser-a 


N. 

miser-um 

miser-i 

miser-6 

miser-um 

miser-um 

miser-6 


1 84 


BEGINNERS'  LATIN  BOOK 


Plural. 

M. 

F. 

N. 

N. 

miser-I 

miser-ae 

miser-a 

G. 

miser-orum 

miser-arum 

miser-orum 

D. 

miser-Is 

miser-Is 

miser-Is 

A. 

miser-6s 

miser-as 

miser-a 

V. 

miser-I 

miser-ae 

miser-a 

A. 

miser-Is 

miser-Is 
Singular. 

miser-Is 

M. 

F. 

N. 

tot-us 

tot-a 

tot- 

•um 

tot-ius 

tot-ius 

tot- 

•lus 

tot-I 

tot-I 

tot- 

■1 

tot-um 

tot-am 

tot- 

■um 

tot-o 

tot-a 

tot- 

■0 

Possessive,  Singular  Ownership. 
Singular.  Plural. 

meus,  -a,  -um,  my.  mei,  -ae,  -a 

tuus,  -a,  -um,  thy,  your.  tul,  -ae,  -a 

suus,  -a,  -um,  his,  her,  its.  sul,  -ae,  -a 

Possessive,  Plural  Ownership. 
noster,  -tra,  -trum,  our.  nostri,  -ae,  -a 

vester,  -tra,  -trum,  your.  vestrl,  -ae,  -a 

suus,  -a,  -um,  their.  sul,  -ae,  -a 

Third  Declension. 


Singular. 

Plural 

M.  and  F. 

N. 

M.  and  F. 

N. 

N. 

sapiens 

sapiens 

sapient-es 

sapient-ia 

G. 

sapient-is 

sapient-is 

sapient-ium 

sapient-ium 

D. 

sapient-I 

sapient-I 

sapient-ibus 

sapient-ibus 

A. 

sapient-em 

sapiens 

sapient-es 

sapient-ia 

V. 

sapiens 

sapiens 

sapient-es 

sapient-ia 

A. 

sapient-I 

sapient-I 

sapient-ibus 

sapient-ibus 

TABLES  OF  DECLENSION 


185 


Singular. 

Plural 

M.  and  F. 

N. 

M.  and  F. 

N. 

N. 

fort-is 

fort-e 

fort-es 

fort-ia 

G. 

fort-is 

fort-is 

fort-ium 

fort-ium 

D. 

fort-I 

fort-I 

fort-ibus 

fort-ibus 

A. 

fort-em 

fort-e 

fort-es 

fort-ia 

V. 

fort-is 

fort-e 

fort-es 

fort-ia 

A. 

fort-I 

fort-I 

fort-ibus 

fort-ibus 

M. 


F. 


N. 


M. 


N. 


N. 

acer 

acr-is 

acr-e 

acr-es 

acr-es 

acr-ia 

G. 

acr-is 

acr-is 

acr-is 

acr-ium 

acr-ium 

acr-ium 

D. 

acr-I 

acr-I 

acr-I 

acr-ibus 

acr-ibus 

acr-ibus 

A. 

acr  em 

acr-em 

acr-e 

acr-es 

acr-es 

acr-ia 

V. 

acer 

acr-is 

acr-e 

acr-es 

acr-es 

acr-ia 

A. 

acr-I 

acr-I 

acr-I 

acr-ibus 

acr-ibus 

acr-ibus 

Irregular   Comparison. 


Positive. 
bonus,  -a,  -urn,  good. 
malus,  -a,  -um,  bad. 
magnus,  -a,  -um,  great. 
parvus,  -a,  -um,  S7tiall. 
multus,  -a,  -um,  much. 
vetus  (gen.  -eris),  old. 

senex  (gen.  senis),  aged. 
iuvenis,  -e,  young. 


Comparative. 

melior,  -ius 
peior,  -ius 
maior,  -ius 
minor,  -us 

,  plus 

vetustior,  -ius 
senior         1 
maior  natuj 
iunior 
minor  natu 


Superlative. 

optimus,  -a,  -um 
pessimus,  -a,  -um 
maximus,  -a,  -um 
minimus,  -a,  -um 
plurimus,  -a,  -um 
veterrimus,  -a,  -um 

maximus  natu 
minimus  natu 


1 86 


BEGINNERS'   LATIN  BOOK 


Positive. 
facilis,  -e,  easy. 
difficilis,  -e,  difficult. 
similis,  -e,  like. 
dissimilis,  -e,  unlike. 
humilis,  -e,  low. 
gracilis,  -e,  slender. 

exterus,  outward. 

inferus,  below. 

posterus,  following. 

superus,  above. 

Preposition. 
cis,  citra,  on  this  side. 
in,  intra,  within. 
prae,  pro,  before. 

prope  (adv.),  near. 

ultra  (adv.),  beyond. 


Comparative. 
facilior,  -ius 
difficilior,  -ius 
similior,  -ius 
dissimilior,  -ius 
humilior,  -ius 
gracilior,  -ius 

exterior,  outer. 

inferior,  lower. 

posterior,  latter. 

superior,  higher. 

Comparative. 
citerior,  hither. 
interior,  inner. 
prior,  former. 

propior,  nearer. 

ulterior,  farther. 


Superlative. 
facillimus,  -a,  -um 
difficillimus,  -a,  -um 
simillimus,  -a,  -um 
dissimillimus,  -a,  -um 
humillimus,  -a,  -um 
gracillimus,  -a,  -um 

f  extremus     1 

-j        .  \  outmost. 

I  extimus 


f  infimus        1 
I  Imus  J 


lowest. 


fpostremus  J^ 

L  postumus    j 

f  supremus    1  _ .  _ 
\  \  highest. 

I  suramus       J 

Superlative. 

citimus,  hithermost. 

intimus,  inmost. 

primus,  first. 

{ nearest. 
proximus  \ 

[  next. 

ultimus,  farthest. 


Declension  of  Comparatives. 

Singular.  Plural. 

M.  and  F.  N.  M.  and  F. 

N.     fortior  fortius  fortior-es 

G.     fortior-is  fortior-is  fortior-um 

D.     fortior-i  fortior-I  fortior-ibus 

A.     fortior-em  fortius  fortior-es, -Is 

V.     fortior  fortius  fortior-es 


A.     fortior-e,  -I         fortior-e,  -I 


fortior-ibus 


N. 
fortior-a 
fortior-um 
fortior-ibus 
fortior-a 
fortior-a  . 
fortior-ibus 


TABLES   OF  DECLENSION 


I87 


Singular. 

Plural. 

M.  and  F. 

N. 

M.  and  F.                       N. 

N. 



plus 

plur-es 

plur-a 

G. 



pliir-is 

plur-ium                  plur-ium 

D. 





phlr-ibus                 plur-ibus 

A. 



plus 

plur-es, 

,  -is              pliir-a 

A. 



plur-e 

plur-ibus                 plur-ibus 

Numerals. 

Cardinals. 

1. 

unus,  -a,  -um 

28. 

duodetnginta 

2. 

duo,  duae,  duo 

29. 

iindetrTginta 

3- 

tres?  tria 

30- 

triginta 

4- 

quattuor 

40. 

quadra  ginta 

5- 

quinque 

50. 

quinquaginta 

6. 

sex 

60. 

sexaginta 

7- 

septem 

70. 

septuaginta 

8. 

octo 

80. 

octoginta 

9- 

novem 

90. 

nonaginta 

10. 

decern 

100. 

centum 

11. 

undecim 

IOI. 

centum  unus 

12. 

duodecim 

200. 

ducentl,  --ae,  -a 

13- 

tredecim 

300. 

trecenti 

14. 

quattuordecim 

400. 

quadringenti 

15- 

qulndecim 

500. 

quTngentl 

16. 

sedecim 

600. 

sexcenti 

17- 

septendecim 

700. 

septingenti 

18. 

duodeviginti 

800. 

octingenti 

19. 

undevlgintl 

900. 

nongenti 

20. 

vlgintT 

1,000. 

mille 

21. 

fvlginti  unus 

5,000. 

quinque  milia 

I  unus  et  viginti 

10,000. 

decern  milia 

100,000. 

centum  milia 

i88 


BEGINNERS'   LATIN  BOOK 


Ordinals. 

1st 

primus/-a?  -um 

17th 

septimus  decimus 

2d 

secundus  (or  alter) 

1 8th 

duodevicesimus 

3d 

tertius 

19th 

undevicesimus 

4th 

quartus 

20th 

vicesimus 

5th 

6th 

quintus 
sextus 

21st 

J  vicesimus  primus 
I  unus  et  vicesimus 

;th 
8th 

septimus 
octavus 

22d 

J  vicesimus  secundus 
I  alter  et  vicesimus 

9th 

nonus 

29th 

undetricesimus 

ioth 

decimus 

30th 

tricesimus 

nth 

undecimus 

40th 

quadragesimus 

1 2th 

duodecimus 

I  ooth 

centesimus 

1 3th 

tertius  decimus 

101st 

centesimus  primus 

14th 

quartus  decimus 

200th 

ducentesimus 

15th 

quintus  decimus 

I oooth 

millesimus 

1 6th 

sextus  decimus 

2000th 

bis  millesimus 

Declension  of  Numerals. 


M. 

F. 

N. 

M. 

F. 

N. 

N. 

unus 

una 

iinum 

duo 

duae 

duo 

G. 

iinius 

iinius       unius 

duorum 

duarum 

duorum 

D. 

uni 

uni 

iinT 

duobus 

duabus 

duobus 

A. 

unum 

iinam       unum 

duos,  duo 

duas 

duo 

A. 

uno 

(ina 

uno 

duobus 

duabus 

duobus 

M.  and  F. 

N. 

Singular. 

Plural. 

N. 

tres 

tria 

mille 

mllia 

G. 

trium 

trium 

mille 

milium 

D. 

tribus 

tribus 

mille 

milibus 

A 

tres 

tria 

mille 

mllia 

A. 

tribus 

tribus 

mille 

milibus 

TABLES   OF  DECLENSION 


189 


First  Person, 

sing.  PLU. 

N.     ego  nos 

G.     mei  nostrum,  -tri     tui 

D.     mihi  nobis                 tibi 

A.     me  nos                    te 

A.     me  nobis                te 


Third  Person, 
sing.  PLU. 


Pronouns. 

Second  Person, 
sing.  PLU. 

tu         vos  

vestrum,  -tri  sul  sui 

vobis  sibi  sibi 

vos  se, sese  se, sese 

vobis  se,  sese  se,  sese 


Demonstratives . 


Singular. 

Plural. 

M. 

F. 

N. 

M. 

F. 

N. 

N. 

hie 

haec 

hoc 

hi 

hae 

haec 

G. 

huius 

huius 

huius 

h5rum 

harum 

horum 

D. 

huTc 

huic 

huic 

his 

his 

his 

A. 

hunc 

hanc 

hoc 

hos 

has 

haec 

A. 

hoc 

hac 

hoc 

his 

his 

his 

N. 

ille 

ilia 

illud 

ill! 

illae 

ilia 

G. 

illius 

illius 

illius 

illorum 

illarum 

illorum 

D. 

ill! 

ill! 

ill! 

illis 

illis 

illis 

A. 

ilium 

illam 

illud 

illos 

illas 

ilia 

A. 

illo 

ilia. 

illo 

illis 

illis 

illis 

N. 

is 

ea 

id 

el,  il 

eae 

ea 

G. 

eius 

eius 

eius 

eorum 

earum 

eorum 

D. 

ei 

el 

ei 

els,  iis 

els,  iis 

els,  iis 

A. 

eum 

earn 

id 

eos 

eas 

ea 

A. 

eo 

ea 

eo 

els,  iis 

els,  iis 

els,  iis 

N. 

iste 

ista 

istud 

istl 

istae 

ista 

G. 

istius 

istius 

istius 

istorum 

istarum 

istorum 

D. 

istt 

istl 

istl 

istls 

istls 

istls 

A. 

istum 

istam 

istud 

istos 

istas 

ista 

A. 

isto 

ista 

isto 

istls 

istls 

istls 

190 


BEGINNERS'   LATIN  BOOK 


Singular.  Plural. 
M.               F.               N.                     M.  F.  N. 

N.     idem        eadem  idem  eidem  eaedem  eadem 

G.     eiusdem  eiusdem  eiusdem  eorundem  earundem  eorundem 

D.     eidem      eidem  eidem  elsdem  eisdem  elsdem 

A.     eundem  eandem  idem  eosdem  easdem  eadem 

A.     eodem     eadem  eodem  eisdem  elsdem  eisdem 


N. 

ipse 

ipsa 

ipsum 

ipsi 

ipsae 

ipsa 

G. 

ipslus 

ipslus 

ipslus 

ipsorum 

ipsarum 

ipsorum 

D. 

ipsi 

ipsi 

ipsi 

ipsls 

ipsls 

ipsls 

A. 

ipsum 

ipsam 

ipsum 

ipsos 

ipsas 

ipsa 

A. 

ipso 

ipsa 

ipso 

ipsls 

ipsls 

ipsls 

Relative. 

Singular. 

PLURAL. 

M. 

F. 

N. 

M. 

F. 

N. 

N. 

qui 

quae 

quod 

qui 

quae 

quae 

G. 

cuius 

cuius 

cuius 

quorum 

quarum 

quorum 

D. 

CUl 

CUl 

CUl 

quibus 

quibus 

quibus 

A. 

quern 

quam 

quod 

quos 

quas 

quae 

A. 

quo 

qua 

quo 

quibus 

quibus 

quibus 

Interrogative. 


Singular. 

Plural. 

St 

F. 

N. 

M. 

F. 

N. 

N. 

quis 

quae 

quid 

qui 

quae 

quae 

G. 

cuius 

cuius 

cuius 

quorum 

quarum 

quorum 

D. 

CUl 

CUl 

CUl 

quibus 

quibus 

quibus 

A. 

quern 

quam 

quid 

quos 

quas 

quae 

A. 

quo 

qua 

quo 

quibus 

quibus 

quibus 

TABLES   OF  DECLENSION 


191 


Indefinite. 

Singular.  Plural. 

M.  F.  N.  M.  F.  N. 

N.     aliquis     aliqua      aliquid  aliqul  aliquae  aliqua 

G.     ali cuius   alicuius   alicuius  aliquorum  aliquarum  aliqu5rum 

D.     alicul       alicul       alicuT  aliquibus  aiiquibus  aliquibus 

A.     aliquem  aliquam  aliquid  aliquos  aliquas  aliqua 

A.     aliquo      aliqua      aliquo  aliquibus  aliquibus  aliquibus 


Singular. 

M. 

F. 

N. 

N. 

quidam 

quaedam 

quiddam 

G. 

cuiusdam 

cuiusdam 

cuiusdam 

D. 

cuidam 

cuidam 

cuidam 

A. 

quendam 

quandam 

quiddam 

A. 

quodam 

quadam 
Plural. 

quodam 

M. 

F. 

N. 

N. 

quidam 

quaedam 

quaedam 

G. 

quorundam 

quarundam 

quorundam 

D. 

quibusdam 

quibusdam 

quibusdam 

A. 

quosdam 

quasdam 

quaedam 

A. 

quibusdam 

quibusdam 

quibusdam 

192  BEGINNERS'  LATIN  BOOK 

REGULAR   VERBS. 

First  Conjugation.— A-Verbs. 

am  6,  love. 

Principal  Parts  :    amo,  amare,  amavi,  amatus. 

Indicative. 


Active  Voice. 

Passive  Voice. 

Present. 

/  love, 

am  loving,  do  love, 

etc. 

I 

am 

loved,  etc. 

amo 

amamus 

amor 

amamur 

amas 

amatis 

amaris  or 

-re 

amamini 

am  at 

amant 

amatur 

amantur 

Imperfect. 
I  loved,  was  loving,  did  love,  etc.  I  was  loved,  etc. 

amabam  amabamus  amabar  amabamur 

amabas  amabatis  amabaris  or  -re      amabamini 

amabat  amabant  amabatur  amabantur 

Future. 
I  shall  love,  etc.  /  shall  be  loved,  etc. 

amabo  amabimus  amabor  amabimur 

amabis  amabitis  amaberis  or  -re      amabimini 

amabit  amabunt  amabitur  amabuntur 

Perfect. 
I  have  loved,  I  loved,  etc.  I  have  been  (was)  loved,  etc. 

amavi  amavimus  r  sum  r  sumus 

amavisti  amavistis  amatus  \  es        amatT  -j  estis 

amavit  amaverunt  or  -re  I  est  I  sunt 


TABLES  OF  CONJUGA  TION 
Pluperfect. 


193 


/  had  loved,  etc. 
amaveram       amaveramus 
amaveras        amaveratis 
amaverat         amaverant 


/  had  been  loved,  etc. 


r  eram 

amatus  \  eras     amatl 

lerat 


eramus 

eratis 

erant 


Future  Perfect. 
/  shall  have  loved,  etc.  /  shall  have  been  loved,  etc. 

amavero  amaverimus  r  ero  \  erimus 


amaveris 

amaveritis 

amatus  \  eris 

amatl  \  eritis 
lerunt 

amaverit 

amaverint 

lerit 

Subjunctive. 

Present. 

amem 

amemus 

amer 

amemur 

ames 

ametis 

ameris  or  -re 

amemini 

amet 

ament 

ametur 
Imperfect. 

amentur 

amarem 

amaremus 

amarer 

amaremur 

amares 

amaretis 

amareris  or  -re 

amaremini 

amaret 

amarent 

amaretur 
Perfect. 

amarentur 

amaverim 

amaverimus                           r  sim 

r  simus 

amaveris 

amaveritis 

amatus  \  sis 

amatl  \  sitis 

amaverit 

amaverint 

I  sit 

Pluperfect. 

I  sint 

amavissem      amavissemus 
amavisses       amavissetis 
amavisset       amavissent 


r  essem  r  essemus 

amatus  j  esses    amatl  I  essetis 
I  esset  [  essent 


194 


BEGINNERS'   LATIN  BOOK 


am  a,  love  thou, 
am  ate,  love  ye. 


amato,  thou  shall  love. 
amato,  he  shall  love. 
amatote,  you  shall  love. 
amanto,  they  shall  love. 


Imperative. 
Present. 


am  are,  be  thoti  loved. 
amaminl,  be  ye  loved. 


Future. 


amator,  thou  shall  be  loved. 
amator,  he  shall  be  loved. 

amantor,  they  shall  be  loved. 


Infinitive. 

Pres.  amare,  to  love.  amarl,  to  be  loved. 

Perf.  amavisse,  to  have  loved.  amatus  esse,  to  have  been  loved. 

Fut.    amiiturus  esse,  to  be  aboitt  amatum  Iri,  to  be  about  to  be 

to  love.  loved. 


Participles. 

Pres.  amans,  -antis,  loving.  Pres. 

Fut.    amaturus,  -a,  -um,  about      Ger.1  amandus,  -a,  -um,  to  be 

loved. 
Perf.  amatus,  -a,  -um,  loved, 
having  been  loved. 

Supine. 


to  love. 


Perf.  ■ 


Gerund. 

N.  

G.  amandl,  of  loving. 
D.  amando,  for  loving. 
A.  amandum,  loving. 
A.  amando,  by  loving. 


A.  amatum,  to  love. 

A.  amatu,  to  love,  to  be  loved. 


1  Gerundive,  sometimes  called  future  passive  participle. 


TABLES  -OF  CONJUGATION 


195 


Second   Conjugation.  —  E-Verbs. 

moneo,  advise. 

Principal  Parts  :   moneo,  monere,  monui,  monitus. 


Active. 

I  advise,  etc. 
moneo  monemus 

mones  monetis 

monet  monent 


I  was  advising,  etc. 
monebam      monebamus 
monebas       monebatis 
monebat        monebant 

I  shall  advise,  etc. 
monebo         monebimus 
monebis        monebitis 
monebit        monebunt 

/  have  advised,  I  advised, 
monuT  monuimus 

monuisti        monuistis 
monuit  monuerunt  or 

I  had  advised,  etc. 
monueram    monueramus 
monueras      monueratis 
monuerat      monuerant 


Indicative. 
Present. 


Passive. 


I  am  advised,  etc. 
moneor  monemur 

moneris  or  -re       monemini 
monetur  monentur 

Imperfect. 

I  was  advised,  etc. 
monebar  monebamur 

monebaris  or  -re    monebamini 
monebatur  monebantur 

Future. 

/  shall  be  advised,  etc. 
monebor  monebimur 

moneberis  or  -re    monebiminl 
monebitur  monebuntur 

Perfect. 
etc.      /  have  been  {was)  advised,  etc. 

(sum  r  sumus 

es        monitl  \  estis 
est  I  sunt 

Pluperfect. 

I  had  been  advised,  etc. 

r  eram 

monitus  \  eras     monitl 
i 
I  erat 


196 


BEGINNERS'   LATIN  BOOK 


Future  Perfect. 
I  shall  have  advised,  etc.  /  shall  have  been  advised,  etc. 


monuero 
monueris 
monuerit 


moneam 

moneas 

moneat 

monerem 

moneres 

moneret 

monuerim 

monueris 

monuerit 


monuenmus 

monueritis 

monuerint 


ero 
eris 
erit 


moneamus 

moneatis 

moneant 


moneremus 

moneretis 

monerent 

monuerimus 

monueritis 

monuerint 


monitus 

Subjunctive. 
Present. 
monear 

monearis  or  -re 
moneatur 

Imperfect. 
monerer 
monereris  or  -re 
moneretur 


moniti 


enmus 

eritis 

erunt 


moneamur 
moneamini 
moneantur 

moneremur 
moneremini 
monerentur 


Perfect. 


monitus 


Pluperfect. 


sim 

sis 

sit 


moniti  • 


f  simus 

sTtis 

.  sint 


monuissem   monuissemus 
monuisses     monuissetis 
monuisset     monuissent 


monitus 


essem  r  essemus 

esses  moniti  \  essetis 
esset  I  essent 


mone,  advise  thou. 
monete,  advise  ye. 


moneto,  thou  shall  advise. 
moneto,  he  shall  advise. 
monetote,  you  shall  advise. 
monento,  they  shall  advise. 


Imperative. 
Present. 

mone  re,  be  thou  advised. 
moneminl,  be  ye  advised. 

Future. 

monetor,  thou  shall  be  advised. 
monetor,  he  shall  be  advised. 


monentor,  they  shall  be  advised. 


TABLES   OF  CONJUGATION  1 97 

Infinitive. 

Pres.  monere,  to  advise.  moneri,  to  be  advised. 

Perf.  monuisse,  to  have  ad-  monitus    esse,    to    have    been 

vised.  advised. 

Fut.     moniturus    esse,   to    be  monitum  in,  to  be  about  to  be 

about  to  advise.  advised. 

Participles. 

Pres.  monens,  -entis,  advising.      Pres.  

Fut.    moniturus,  -a,  um,  about      Ger.    monendus,   -a,  -urn,  to 
to  advise.  be  advised. 

Perf. Perf.  monitus,  -a,  -um,  advised, 

having  been  advised. 

Gerund.  Supine. 

G.     monendi,  of  advising.  

D.     monendo,  for  advising.  

A.     monendum,  advising.  A.     monitum,  to  advise. 

A.     monendo,  by  advising.  A.     monitu,  to  advise,   to   be 

advised. 


Third  Conjugation.  —  E-Verbs. 

rego,  rule. 

Principal  Parts  :   rego,  regere,  rex!,  rectus. 

Indicative. 


Active. 
I  rule,  etc. 

Passive. 
Present. 

/  am  ruled,  etc. 

rego                  regimus 

regor                        regimur 

regis                 regitis 

regeris  or  -re           regimini 

regit                 regunt 

regitur                      reguntur 

198 


BEGINNERS'   LATIN  BOOK 


I  was  ruling,  etc. 
regebam         regebamus 
regebas  regebatis 

regebat  regebant 

/  shall  rule,  etc. 
regam  regemus 

reges  regetis 

reget  regent 


/  have  ?'uled,  etc. 

rexi  reximus 

rexisti  rexistis 

rexit  rexerunt  or  -re 


Imperfect. 

/  was  ruled,  etc. 

regebar  regebamur 

regebaris  or  -re  regebamini 

regebatur  regebantur 

Future. 

/  shall  be  ruled,  etc. 

regar  regemur 

regeris  or  -re  regeminl  • 

regetur  regentur 

Perfect. 

/  have  been  ruled,  etc. 
sum  r  sumus 

rectus  \  es  recti  I  estis 
est  I  sunt 


/  had  ruled,  etc. 
rexeram  rexeramus 

rexeras  rexeratis 

rexerat  rexerant 


Pluperfect. 

/  had  been  ruled,  etc. 

eram  r  eramus 

rectus  ^  eras  recti  \  eratis 

.  erat  I  erant 


Future  Perfect. 
I  shall  have  ruled,  etc.  I  shall  have  been  ruled,  etc. 

rexero  rexerimus  r  ero  r  erimus 

rexeris  rexeritis  rectus  \  eris  recti  \  eritis 

rexerit  rexerint  I  erit  I  erunt 


Subjunctive. 

Present. 

regam 

regamus 

regar 

regamur 

regas 

regatis 

regaris  or  -re 

regamini 

regat 

regant 

regatur 

regantur 

TABLES   OF   CONJUGATION 


199 


Imperfect. 

regerem 

regeremus 

regerer 

regeremur 

regeres 

regeretis 

regereris  or  -re 

regereminl 

regeret 

regerent 

regeretur 
Perfect. 

regerentur 

rexerim 

rexerimus 

r  sim 

r  simus 

rexeris 

rexeritis 

rectus  \  sis 

recti  i  sltis 

rexerit 

rexerint 

I  sit 
Pluperfect. 

I  sint 

rexissem 

rexissemus 

r  essem 

r  essemus 

rexisses 

rexissetis 

rectus  \  esses 

recti  \  essetis 

rexisset 

rexissent 

I  esset 

I  essent 

rege,  rule  thou, 
regite,  rule  ye. 

regit5,  thou  shall  rule. 
regito,  he  shall  rule. 
regitote,  ye  shall  rule. 
regunto,  they  shall  rule. 


Imperative. 
Present. 

regere,  be  thou  ruled. 
regiminT,  be  ye  ruled. 
Future. 

regitor,  thou  shall  be  ruled. 
regitor,  he  shall  be  ruled. 


Pres.  regere,  to  rule. 
Perf.  rexisse,  to  have  ruled. 
Fut.     rectiirus     esse,     to    be 
abo2it  to  rule. 


reguntor,  they  shall  be  ruled. 

Infinitive. 

regl,  to  be  ruled.. 
rectus  esse,  to  have  been  ruled. 
rectum  Irl,  to  be  about  to  be 
ruled. 


Participles. 

Pres.  regens,  -entis,  ruling.  Pres.  

Fut.    recturus,  -a,  -urn,  about        Ger.    regendus,  -a,  -um,  to  be 
to  rule,  rided. 

Perf.  Perf.  rectus,  -a,   -um,   ruled, 

having  been  ruled. 


20O  BEGINNERS'  LATIN  BOOK 

Gerund.  Supine. 

G.  regendl,  of  ruling.  

D.  regendo,  for  ruling.  

A.  regendum,  ruling.  A.     rectum,  to  rule. 

A.  regendo,  by  ruling.  A.     rectu,  to  rule,  to  be  ruled. 

Third    Conjugation. —Verbs    in   -io. 

capio,  take. 

Principal  Parts  :   capio,  capere,  cepi,  captus. 

Indicative  Mood. 
Active.  Passive. 

Present. 
/  take,  etc.  /  a7n  taken,  etc. 

capio  capimus  capior  capimur 

capis  capitis  caperis  or  -re  capiminl 

capit  capiunt  capitur  capiuntur 

Imperfect. 

/  was  taking,  etc.  /  was  taken,  etc. 

capiebam         capiebamus  capiebar  capiebamur 

capiebas  capiebatis  capiebaris  or  -re      capiebamini 

capiebat  capiebant  capiebatur  capiebantur 

Future. 
/  shall  take,  etc.  /  shall  be  taken,  etc. 

capiam  capiemus  capiar  capiemur 

capies  capietis  .  capieris  or  -re  capiemini 

capiet  capient  capietur  capientur 

Perfect. 
cepi,  cepisti,  cepit,  etc.  captus  sum,  es,  est,  etc. 

Pluperfect. 
ceperam,  ceperas,  ceperat,  etc.  captus  eram,  eras,  erat,  etc. 

Future  Perfect. 
cepero,  ceperis,  ceperit,  etc.  captus  ero,  eris,  erit,  etc. 


TABLES    OF   CONJUGATION  201 

Subjunctive. 
Present. 
capiam,  capias,  capiat,  etc.  capiar,  -iaris  or -re,   -iatur,  etc. 

Imperfect. 
caperem,  caperes,  caperet,  etc.      caperer,  -ereris  or  -re,  -eretur,  etc. 

Perfect. 
ceperim,  ceperis,  ceperit,  etc.        captus  sim,  sis,  sit,  etc. 

Pluperfect. 
cepissem,  cepisses,  cepisset,  etc.     captus  essem,  esses,  esset,  etc. 

Imperative. 

Pres.  cape,  take  thou.  capere,  be  thou  taken. 

capite,  take  ye.  capiminl,  be  ye  taken. 

Fut.    capito,  thou  shalt  take,  capitor,  thou  shalt  be  takeny 
etc.  etc. 

Infinitive. 

Pres.  capere,  to  take.  capi,  to  be  taken. 

Perf.  cepisse,  to  have  taken.  captus  esse,  to  have  been  taken. 

Fut.    capturus   esse,  to  be  captum   Irl,  to  be  about  to  be 
about  to  take,  taken. 

Participles. 

Pres.  capiens,  -ientis,  taking.      Pres. 

Fut.    capturus,  about  to  take.      Ger.  capiendus,  to  be  taken. 
Perf.  Perf.  captus,  having  been  taken. 

Gerund.  Supine. 

G.     capiendi,   of  taking,  A.     captum,  to  take. 

etc.  A.     captu,  to  take,  to  be  taken. 


202 


BEGINNERS'   LATIN  BOOK 


Fourth    Conjugation.  — I-Verbs. 

audio,  hear. 

Principal  Parts:    audio,  audlre,  audivi,  auditus. 

Indicative. 

Present. 


Active. 


I  hear,  etc. 

audio  audlmus 

audis  auditis 

audit  audiunt 


Passive. 


I  am  heard,  etc. 

audior  audlmur 

audiris  or  -re         audimini 
auditur  audiuntur 


Imperfect. 
I  was  hearing,  etc.  I  was  heard,  etc. 

audiebam       audiebamus  audiebar  audiebamur 

audiebas        audiebatis  audiebaris  or -re,    audiebamini 

audiebat         audiebant  audiebatur  audiebantur 


/  shall  hear,  etc. 

audiam  audiemus 

audies  audietis 

audiet  audient 


Future. 


/  shall  be  heard,  etc. 


audiar 

audieris  or  -re 
audietur 


audiemur 
audiemini 
audientur 


/  have  heard,  etc. 


Perfect. 


/  have  been  heard,  etc. 


audivi  audivimus 

audivisti        audlvistis 
audivit  audiverunt  or  -re 


v- 


sum 
auditus  \  es 
.  est 


{sumus 
estis 
sunt 


TABLES    OF  CONJUGATION 


203 


Pluperfect. 

I  had  heard,  etc.  /  had  been  heard,  etc. 

audiveram     audiveramus  r  eram  r  eramus 

audlveras       audiveratis  auditus  \  eras        audit!  -j  eratis 

audiverat       audiverant  I  erat  I  erant 


Tuture  Perfect. 

I  shall  have  heard,  etc.  I  shall  have  been  heard,  etc. 

audivero         audiverimus  (  ero  rerimus 

audiveris        audiveritis  auditus  \  eris         audit!  -J  eritis 

audiverit     •  audiverint  I  erit  I  erunt 


Subjunctive. 

Present. 

audiam 

audiamus 

audiar 

audiamur 

audias 

audiatis 

audiaris  or  -re 

audiamin! 

audiat 

audiant 

audiatur 

audiantur 

audirem        audTremus 
audires  audiretis 

audiret  audirent 


Imperfect. 

aud!rer  audiremur 

audireris  or  -re  audiremin! 

audiretur  audirentur 


audiverim      audiverimus 
audiveris        audiveritis 
audiverit        audiverint 


Perfect. 


auditus 


sim 

sis 
sit 


■  simus 
audit!  -I  sitis 
sint 


Pluperfect. 
audivissem    audlvissemus  r  essem  r  essemus 

audivisses     audivissetis  auditus  I  esses  audit!  \  essetis 

aud!visset      audivissent  I  esset  I  essent 


204 


BEGINNERS'  LATIN  BOOK 
Imperative. 


Present. 


audi,  hear  thou. 
audite,  hear  ye. 


audito,  thou  shalt  hear. 
audito,  he  shall  hear. 
auditote,  ye  shall  hear. 
audiunto,  they  shall  hear. 


audi  re,  be  thou  heard. 
audimini,  be  ye  heard. 


Future. 


auditor,  thou  shalt  be  heard. 
auditor,  he  shall  be  heard. 

audiuntor,  they  shall  be  heard. 


Infinitive. 


Pres.  audlre,  to  hear. 
Perf.  audivisse,  to  have  heard. 
Fut.    auditurus    esse,    to    be 
about  to  hear. 


audlri,  to  be  heard. 
audltus  esse,  to  have  been  heard. 
audltum  Iri,  to  be  about  to  be 
heard. 


Participles. 


Pres.  audiens,-entis,  hearing. 
Fut.    auditurus,  -a,  -um,  about 

to  hear. 
Perf.  


Gerund. 


N. 
G. 
D. 


audiendl,  of  hearing. 

audiendo,/^  hearing. 
A.     audiendum,  hearing. 
A.     audiendo,  by  hearing. 


Pres.  

Ger.    audiendus,  -a,  -um,  to 

be  heard. 
Perf.  audltus,  -a,  -um,  heard, 

having  been  heard. 

Supine. 


A.    audltum,  to  hear. 
A.    auditu,     to    hear,    to    be 
heard. 


TABLES  OF  CONJUGA  TION 


205 


IRREGULAR  VERBS. 

sum,  be. 

Principal  Parts:   sum,  esse,  fui,  futurus. 

Indicative. 

Present. 


singular. 
sum,  I  am. 
es,  thou  art. 
est,  he  (she,  it)  is. 

eram,  /  was. 
eras,  thou  wast. 
erat,  he  was. 

ero,  I  shall  be. 
eris,  thou  wilt  be. 
erit,  he  will  be. 

fill,  /  have  been,  was. 
fuisti,  thou  hast  been,  wast, 
fuit,  he  has  been,  was. 


fueram,  I  had  been. 
fueras,  thou  hadst  been. 
fuerat,  he  had  been. 


fuero,  I  shall  have  been. 
fueris,  thou  wilt  have  been. 
fuerit,  he  will  have  been. 


plural. 
sumus,  we  are. 
estis,  you  are. 
sunt,  they  are. 

Imperfect. 

eramus,  we  were. 
eratis,  you  were. 
erant,  they  were. 
Future. 

erimus,  we  shall  be. 
eritis,  you  will  be. 
erunt,  they  will  be. 
Perfect. 

fuimus,  we  have  been,  were. 
fuistis,  you  have  been,  were. 
J  fuerunt  or 
I     mere,  they  have  been,  were. 

Pluperfect. 

fueramus,  we  had  been. 
fueratis,  you  had  been. 
fuerant,  they  had  been. 

Future  Perfect. 

fuerimus,  we  shall  have  been. 
lueritis,  you  will  have  been. 
fuerint,  they  will  have  been. 


206 


BEGINNERS'  LATIN  BOOK 


SINGULAR 

Present. 

plural. 

Subjunctive. 

Imperfect, 
singular.             plural. 

sim 

sim  us 

essem 

essemus 

SIS 

sltis 

esses 

essetis 

sit 

sint 

esset 

essent 

fuerim 

Perfect. 

fuerimus 

Pluperfect. 
fuissem                fuissemus 

fueris 

fueritis 

fuisses 

fuissetis 

fuerit 

fuerint 

fuisset 
Imperative. 

fuissent 

SINGULAR. 

es,  be  thou. 

Present. 

plural. 

este,  be  ye. 

esto,  thou  shalt  be. 

Future. 

estote, 

ye  shall  be. 

esto,  he  shall  be. 

sunto, 

they  shall  be. 

Infinitive. 

Participle. 

Pres.  esse,  to  be. 
Perf,  fuisse,  to  have  been. 
Fut.     futurus  esse,  to  be  about 
to  be. 


futurus,  -a,  -um,  about  to  be. 


possum,  posse;  pot 

ui, ?  be  able9 

can. 

Indicative. 

Subjunctive. 

singular. 

PLURAL. 

singular. 

PLURAL. 

Pres. 

possum 

possumus 

possim 

possimus 

potes 

potestis 

possls 

possitis 

potest 

possunt 

possit 

possint 

Imp. 

poteram 

poteramus 

possem 

possemus 

Fut. 

potero 

poten'mus 

Perf. 

potuT 

potuimus 

potuerim 

potuerimus 

Plup. 

,  potueram 

potueramus 

potuissem 

potuissemus 

F.  P. 

potuero 

potuerimus 

Infini 

TIVE. 

• 

Pres 

.   posse 

Perf.   potuisse 

TABLES   OF  CONJUGATION 


207 


prosum,  prodesse,  profui,  profuturus,  benefit. 


Subjunctive. 

SINGULAR.  PLURAL. 


Indicative. 

SINGULAR.  PLURAL. 

Pres.  prosum         prosumus  prosim 

prodes  prodestis  prosls 

prodest         prosunt  prosit 

Imp.    proderam      proderamus  prodessem 
Fut.    prodero         proderimus 

Perf.  profui  profuimus  profuerim 

Plup  profueram     profueramus  profuissem 
F.  P.  profuero        profuerimus 

Imperative. 

Pres.   prodes,  prodeste  Fut.   prodest5,  prodestote 

Infinitive. 
Pres.   prodesse         Perf.   profuisse  Fut.   profuturus  esse 

Participle. 
Fut.   profuturus,  -a,  -um 


prosimus 
prosltis 
prosint 
prodessemus 

profuerimus 
profuisse  mus 


void,  velle,  volui, ,  'be  willing,  will,  wish. 

nolo,  nolle,  nolui, ,  be  unwilling,  will  not. 

malo,  malle,  malui, ,  be  more  willing,  prefer. 

Indicative. 

nolo  malo 

non  vis  mavis 

non  vult  mavult 

nolumus  malumus 

non  vultis  mavultis 

nolunt  malunt 

nolebam  malebam 
nolam,  noles,  etc.      malam,  males,  etc, 

nolui  malui 

nolueram  malueram 

noluero  maluero 


Pres. 

volo 

VIS 

vult 

volumus 

vultis 

volunt 

Imp. 

volebam 

Fut. 

volam,  voles,  etc, 

Perf. 

volui 

Plup. 

volueram 

F.  P. 

voluero 

208 


BEGINNERS'   LATIN  BOOK 


PRES. 

velim 

veils 

velit 

velimus 

velitis 

velint 

Imp. 

vellem 

Perf. 

voluerim 

Plup. 

voluissem 

Pres. 



Fut. 



Pres. 

velle 

Perf. 

voluisse 

Pres. 

volens 

Subjunctive. 

nolim 

malim 

noils 

malls 

nolit 

malit 

nolimus 

malimus 

nolitis 

malitis 

nolint 

malint 

nollem 

mallem 

noluerim 

maluerim 

noluissem 

maluissera 

Imperative. 

noli 

■  M           ■! 

nolite 

noli  to,  etc. 

, 

Infinitive. 

nolle 

malle 

noluisse 

maluisse 

Participle. 

nolens 



eo,  ire,  Ivi  (ii),  iturus,  go. 

fio,  fieri,  f actus  sum  (supplies  passive  to  facio),  make,  be 
made,  become. 

Indicative. 


Pres. 

eo 

Tmus 

fio 

flmus 

is 

itis 

fis 

fitis 

it 

eunt 

fit 

fiunt 

Imp. 

ibam 

fiebam 

Fut. 

Ibo 

flam 

Perf. 

ii 

factus  sum 

Plup. 

ieram 

factus  eram 

F.  P. 

iero 

factus  ero 

TABLES   OF  CONJUGATION  209 

Subjunctive. 
Pres.  earn  flam 

Imp.  Irem  fierem 

Perf.  ierim  ,  factus  sim 

Plup.  iissem  factus  essem 

Imperative. 
Pres.     I  ite  fi  fite 

_  f  Ito  Itote  — — 

Fut.    \ 

[  ito  eunto  — 

Infinitive. 
Pres.  ire  fieri 

Perf.  Isse  factus  esse 

Fut.  iturus  esse  factum  Irl 

Participles. 

Pres.  iens,  Gen.  euntis  Pres.     — — 

Fut.  iturus,  -a?  -um  Ger.      faciendus 

Perf.  Perf.    factus 

Gerund.  Supine. 

G.  eundl  

D.  eundo  

A.  eundum  A.     hum 

A.  eundo  A.     itu 


fero,  ferre,  tuli,  latus,   bear,  carry,  endure. 
Indicative. 
Active.  Passive. 

{fero  ferimus  feror  ferimur 

fers  fertis  ferris  or  -re      ferimini 

fert  ferunt  fertur  feruntur 

ferebar 
ferar 

latus  sum 
latus  eram 
latus  ero 


Imp. 

ferebam 

Fut. 

feram 

Perf. 

tuli 

Plup 

tuleram 

F.  P. 

tulero 

2IO 


BEGINNERS'   LATIN  BOOK 


Subjunctive. 

Pres. 

feram 

ferar 

Imp. 

ferrem 

ferrer 

Perf. 

tulerim 

latus  sim 

Plup. 

tulissem 

latus  essem 

Pres. 
Fut. 


Imperative. 
Active.  Passive. 

fer  ferte  [ferre]  ferimini 

ferto  fertote  fertor  

ferto  ferunto  fertor  feruntor 


Infinitive. 

Pres. 

ferre 

ferri 

Perf. 

tulisse 

latus  esse 

Fut. 

laturus  esse 

latum  Iri 

Participles. 

Pres. 

ferens 

Pres. 



Fut. 

laturus 

Ger. 

ferendus 

Perf. 



Perf. 

latus 

i 

Serund. 

Supine. 

G. 

ferendi 



D. 

ferendo 



A. 

ferendum 

A. 

latum 

A. 

ferendo 

A. 

latu 

TABLE    OF  ABBREVIATIONS 


211 


TABLE   OF   ABBREVIATIONS. 


Abl. 

—  Ablative. 

lit. 

=  literally. 

abs. 

=  absolute. 

m.,  masc. 

=  masculine. 

Ace. 

=  Accusative. 

neut. 

as  neuter. 

act. 

=  active. 

Norn. 

—  Nominative. 

adj. 

=  adjective. 

n. 

s=  note. 

adv. 

=  adverb. 

part. 

=a  participle. 

adv.  phr. 

=  adverbial  phrase. 

part. 

sr  partitive. 

app. 

=  apposition. 

pass. 

s=  passive. 

art. 

=s  article. 

per. 

as  person. 

comp. 

=  comparative. 

Perf.,  Pf. 

as  Perfect. 

conj. 

as  conjunction. 

pi. 

=  plural. 

conj. 

as  conjugation. 

Plup. 

=  Pluperfect. 

cor. 

=  correlative. 

pos. 

sr  positive. 

Dat. 

at  Dative. 

post-posit. 

=a  post-positive. 

dec. 

=  declension. 

pred. 

as  predicate. 

def. 

==  defective. 

prep. 

as  preposition. 

der. 

as  derivative. 

Pres. 

as  Present. 

Eng. 

as  English. 

princ. 

s=  principal. 

etc. 

as  and  so  forth. 

pron. 

as  pronoun. 

f.,  fern. 

=a  feminine. 

R. 

as  Root. 

fut. 

as  future. 

rel. 

as  relative. 

Gen. 

=  Genitive. 

s.,  sing. 

as  singular. 

Imp. 

=a  Imperfect. 

subj. 

as  subject. 

Ind. 

=  Indicative. 

subst. 

as  substantive. 

ind.  disc. 

=  indirect  discourse. 

superl. 

=  superlative. 

indef. 

as  indefinite. 

Voc. 

s=  Vocative. 

Inf. 

=s  Infinitive. 

vocab. 

=  vocabulary. 

inter. 

a=  interrogative. 

w. 

=  with. 

LATIN-ENGLISH    VOCABULARY. 


Note.  —  Numerals  are  omitted  from  this  vocabulary.    They  can  be  found  by  refer- 
ring to  paragraphs  179-183. 


A. 

a,  ab,  prep,  with  abl.,  from,  by. 

absum,  -esse,  -fui,  to  be  absent,  be 
distant. 

abutor,  -uti,  -usus  sum,  to  abuse. 

accedo,  -ere,  -cessi,  -cessus,  to  ap- 
proach. 

accipio,  -ere,  -cepi,  -ceptus,  to  re- 
ceive, accept. 

acer,  acris,  acre,  sharp,  keen,  eager. 

acies,  -el,  f.,  line  of  battle. 

acriter,  adv.,  vigorously,  fiercely. 

acritudo,  -inis,  f.,  sharpness,  keen- 
ness. 

ad,  prep,  with  ace.,  to,  towards, 
near. 

admirabilis,  -e,  wonderful,  ad- 
mirable. 

admiror,  -ari,  -atus,  to  wo?ider  at, 
admire. 

adsum,  -esse,  -fui,  to  be  near,  be 
present. 

adulescens,  -entis,  m.,  a  youth. 

adventus,  -us,  m.,  arrival. 

aedificium,  -I,  n.  building. 

aedifico,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  to  build, 
construct* 


Aeduus,  -1,  m.,  an  Haeduan. 

aeger,  -gra,  -grum,  sick,  feeble. 

Aegyptus,  -I,  f.,  Egypt. 

aer,  aeris,  m.  (ace.  aera),  air. 

aestas,  -atis,  f.,  summer. 

affero,  -ferre,  attuli,  allatus,  to 
bring  to. 

Africa,  -ae,  f.,  Africa. 

ager,  agri,  m.,  field. 

aggredior,  -edi,  -essus  sum,  to  at- 
tack, go  against. 

agmen,  -inis,  n.,  column,  army. 

ago,  -ere,  egl,  actus,  to  lead, 
drive,  act,  do. 

agricola,  -ae,  m.,  farmer. 

ala,  -ae,  f.,  wing. 

albus,  -a,  -um,  white. 

Alexander,  -dri,  m.,  Alexander. 

Alexandria,  -ae,  f.,  Alexandria. 

aliquis,  -qua,  -quid,  some,  any, 
some  one,  any  one. 

alius,  -a,  -um,  other,  another. 

alligo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  to  bind  to. 

Alpes,  -ium,  f.  pi.,  the  Alps. 

alter,  -era,  -erum,  the  other  (of 
two). 

altitudo,  -inis,  f.,  height,  depth. 


213 


altus 


214 


Britannia 


altus,  -a,  -urn,  high,  deep. 
ambulo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  to  walk. 
amicitia,  -ae,  f.,  friendship. 
amicus,  -T,  m.,  friend. 
amo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  to  love. 
amor,  -oris,  m.,  love,  affection. 
Anaxagoras,  -ae,  m.,  Anaxagoras. 
ancilla,  -ae,  f.,  maid-servant. 
anguis,  -is,  m.,  snake. 
angustus,  -a,  -um,  narrow. 
animal,  -alis,  n.,  animal. 
animus,  -1,  m.,  mind,  spirit,  cour- 
age. 
annus,  -1,  m.,  year. 
ante,  prep,  with  ace.;   also  adv., 

before. 
antiquus,  -a,  -um,  ancient,  old. 
Apollo,  -inis,  m.,  Apollo. 
Aprilis,  -is,  m.,  April. 
apud,prep.  with  ace.,  among,  near, 

with. 
aqua,  -ae,  f.,  water. 
aquila,  -ae,  f.,  eagle. 
ara,  -ae,  f.,  altar. 

aratrum,  -1,  n.,plow. 

arbor,  arboris,  f.,  tree. 

argentum,  -T,  n.,  silver. 

Ariovistus,  -1,  m.,  Ariovistus. 

arma,  -orum,  n.  pi.,  arms,  weap- 
ons. 

armo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  to  arm. 

aro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  to  plow. 

ars,  artis,  f.,  art. 

artifex,  -icis,  m.,  artificer. 

artus,  -us,  m.,  joint. 

arx,  arcis,  f.,  citadel,  fortress. 

asinus, -T,  m.,  ass. 

Athenae,  -arum,  f.  pi.,  Athens. 


Atheniensis,  -is,  m.,  an  Athenian. 

attentus,  -a,  -um,  attentive. 

auctoritas,  -atis,  f.,  authority,  in- 
fluence. 

auctus,  -us,  m.,  increase,  growth. 

auctus,  -a,  -um,  increased,  great, 
abundant. 

audacia,  -ae,  f.,  boldness. 

audax,  -acis,  bold,  audacious,  dar- 
ing. 

audeo,  -ere,  ausus  sum,  to  dare, 
venture. 

audio,  -Tre,  -TvT,  -Ttus,  to  hear. 

augeo,  -ere,  auxT,  auctus,  to  in- 
crease, enlarge. 

Augustus,  -1,  m.,  Augustus. 

aureus,  -a,  -um,  golden. 

auris,  -is,  f.,  ear. 

aurum,  -T,  n.,  gold. 

auxilium,  -T,  n.,  help,  aid. 

avarus,  -a,  -um,  avaricious. 

avis,  -is,  f.,  bird. 

B. 

Bacchus,  -T,  m.,  Bacchus. 
barbarus,  -a,  -um,  barbarian. 
beatus,  -a,  -um,  happy,  blessed. 
Belga,  -ae,  m.,  a  Belgian. 
bello,   -are,   -avi,    -atus,   to    make 

war,  carry  on  war. 
bellum,  -T,  n.,  war. 
bene,  adv.,  well. 

benignus,  -a,  -um,  kind,  gracious. 
bestia,  -ae,  f.,  beast,  animal. 
bis,  adv.,  twice. 
bonus,  -a,  -um,  good. 
brevis,  -e,  short,  brief. 
Britannia,  -ae,  f.,  Britain. 


Caesar 


215 


confido 


Caesar,  -aris,  m.,  Caesar. 

calidus,  -a,  -urn,  war?n. 

candidus,  -a,  -urn,  candid. 

cano,  -ere,  cecinT,  cantus,  to  sing. 

canto,  -are,  -avi,  -at  us,  to  sing, 
play,  write  poetry. 

cantus,  -us,  m.,  song. 

capio,  -ere,  cepT,  captus,  to  take, 
capture. 

captivus,  -I,  m.,  captive,  prisoner. 

caput,  -itis,  n.,  head. 

care,  adv.,  dearly. 

carmen,  -inis,  n.,  song,  poem. 

Carthaginiensis,  -e,  Carthagin- 
ian. 

Carthaginienses,  -ium,  m.,  Car- 
thaginians. 

Carthago,  -inis,  f.,  Carthage. 

carus,  -a,  -um,  dear. 

castigo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  to  chas- 
tise. 

castra,  -orum,  n.  pi.,  a  cai?ip. 

Catilina,  -ae,  m.,  Catiline. 

causa,  -ae,  f.,  cause,  condition. 

celeber,  -bris,  -bre,  celebrated. 

celebro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  to  cele- 
brate. 

celer,  -eris,  -ere,  swift. 

celeritas,  -tatis,  f.,  speed. 

celeriter,  adv.,  quickly. 

Celta,  -ae,  m.,  a  Celt. 

cena,  -ae,  f.,  meal. 

certamen,  -inis,  n.,  strife,  contest. 

certe,  adv.,  surely,  certainly. 

certus,  -a,  -um,  sure,  certain. 

cibus,  -T,  m.,food. 

Cicero,  -onis,  m.,  Cicero. 


Cincinnatus,  -1,  m.,  Cincinnatus. 

circum,  prep,  with  ace.,  around. 

citerior,  -ius,  comp.  adj.,  nearer, 
hither. 

Civilis,  -e,  civil. 

Civis,  -is,  c.,  citizen,  fellow-citizen. 

civitas,  -tatis,  f.,  state. 

clamor,  -oris,  m.,  noise,  clamor. 

Clare,  adv.,  clearly,  loudly. 

clarus,  -a,  -um,  clear,  loud ;  dis- 
tinguished. 

classis,  -is,  f.,  fleet. 

claudo,  -ere,  clausT,  clausus,  to 
shut,  close. 

Cleopatra,  -ae,  f.,  Cleopatra. 

COepi,  coepisse,  began,  have  begun. 

COgito,  -are,  -avT,  -atus,  to  think. 

cognomen,  -inis,  n.,  name,  sur- 
name. 

COgnosco,  -ere,  -novi,  -nitus,  to 
learn. 

cohortor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  to  exhort. 

collis,  -is,  m.,  hill. 

color,  -oris,  m.,  color. 

columba,  -ae,  f.,  dove. 

comes,  -itis,  m.,  companion. 

commeatus,  -us,  m.,  supplies. 

communis,  -e,  common. 

COmmutatio,  -onis,  f.,  change. 

compled,  -ere,  -evl,  -etus,  to  fill 
up,  complete. 

condo,  -ere,  -did!,  -ditus,  to  found, 
build. 

confero,  -ferre,  -tulT,  collatus,  to 
bring  together,  collect. 

conficio,  -ere,  -feci,  -fectus,  to 
finish;  exhaust. 

confido,  -ere,  -fisus  sum,  to  trust. 


confirms 


2l6 


delibero 


cSnfirmS,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  to  es- 
tablish, confirm. 

congregS,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  to  as- 
semble. 

coniuratio,  -onis,  f.,  conspiracy. 

COniurS,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  to  con- 
spire. 

Conor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  to  endeavor, 
attempt. 

cSnsentiS,  -ire,  -sens!,  -sensus,  to 
agree. 

constantia,  -ae,  f.,  constancy. 

consul,  -is,  m.,  consul. 

contendo,  -ere,  -tend!,  -tentus,  to 
hurry,  hasten  /  contend. 

COntentus,  -a,  -um,  contented. 

COntineo,  -ere,  -uT, ,  to  confine, 

hold  in  check. 

contra,  prep,  with  ace.,  against, 
opposite. 

conventus,  -us,  m.,  assembly. 

copia,  -ae,  f.,  plenty. 

COpiae,  -arum,  f.  pi.,  troops,  forces. 

Corinthus,  -I,  f.,  Corinth. 

Cornelia,  -ae,  f.,  Cornelia. 

cornii,  -us,  n.,  horn  ;  wing  of  an 
army. 

corona,  -ae,  f.,  crown. 

corpus,  -oris,  n.,  body. 

COtldie,  adv.,  daily. 

Crassus,  -I,  m.,  Crassus. 

creber,  -bra,  -brum,  frequent. 

credo,  -ere,  -didi,  -ditus,  to  be- 
lieve. 

cremo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  to  burn, 
cremate. 

creo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  to  make,  elect. 

crux,  crucis,  f.,  cross. 


culpa,  -ae,  f.,  blame,  fault. 
cultus,  -us,  m.,  culture. 
cum,  prep,  with  abl.,  with. 
Cum,  con].,  when ;  because,  since. 
CUpio,  -ere,  -IvT,   -Ttus,  to   desire, 

wish. 
cur,  interrog.  adv.,  why  ? 
ciira,  -ae,  f.,  care,  regard. 
euro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  to  care  for, 

attend  to. 
curro,  -ere,  cucurrl,  cursus,  to  run. 
CUStSdiS,  -Ire,  -IvI,  -Itus,  to  guard. 
cymba,  -ae,  f.,  boat. 


de,  prep,  with    abl.,  from,  about, 

concerning. 
dea,  -ae,  f. ,  goddess. 
debeS,    -ere,   -ul,   -itus,   to    owe; 

ought,  must. 
December,  -bris,  m.,  December. 
decerno,   -ere,   -crevl,   -cretus,  to 

decree. 
Decimus  Brutus,  -I,  m.,  Decimus 

Brutus. 
declaro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  to  declare. 
dedo,  -ere,  -didi,  -ditus,  to  give  up, 

surrender. 
defatigo,    -are,     -avi,     -atus,    to 

weary  out,  tire,  exhaust. 
defessus,  -a,  -um,  tired. 
deficio,  -ere,  -feci,  -fectus,  to  fail. 
delecto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  to  please, 

delight. 
deleS,  -ere,  -evl,  -etus,  to  destroy, 

overthrow. 
deliberS,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  to  delib- 
erate, consider. 


deligo 


217 


excido 


deligo,  -ere,  -legl,  -lectus,  to  select, 
choose. 

demigro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  to  de- 
part. 

despero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  to  de- 
spair. 

desum,  -esse,  -ful,  to  be  wanting, 
fail. 

deus,  -T,  m.,  god. 

dexter,  -tra,  -trum,  right. 

Diana,  -ae,  f.,  Diana. 

dlCO,  -ere,  dlxT,  dictus,  to  say, 
speak,  tell. 

dies,  -el,  m.,  day,  time, 

difficiiis,  -e,  difficult. 

dignus,  -a,  -um,  worthy. 

diligens,  -entis,  diligent,  careful. 

diligenter,  adv.,  with  care,  dili- 
gently. 

diligentia,  -ae,  f.,  diligence. 

dimidium,  -!,  n.,  half. 

discipulus,  -1,  m.,  pupil. 

disco,  -ere,  didicT, ,  to  learn. 

dissimilis,  -e,  dissimilar. 

distribuo,  -ere,  uT,  -utus,  to  dis- 
tribute. 

diu,  adv.,  long,  for  a  long  time. 

divido,  -ere,  -Tsi,  -Isus,  to  divide. 

do,  dare,  dedi,  datus,  to  give,  ren- 
der, grant. 

doceo,  -ere,  -ul,  -ctus,  to  teach, 
instruct,  show. 

dolor,  -oris,  m.,  pain,  grief. 

dolus,  -T,  m.,  cunning,  deceit, 
fraud. 

dominus,  -T,  m.,  master. 

domus,  -us  (1) ,  f.,  house,  home. 

dono,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  to  present. 


donum,  -T,  n.,  gift,  present. 
dormio,  -Tre,  -Ivi,  -Itus,  to  sleep. 
duco,    -ere,   -xl,   ductus,   to    leadt 

guide. 
dulcis,  -e,  sweet. 
dux,  ducis,  m.,  leader,  guide. 

E. 

e,  ex,  prep,  with  abl.,  out  of  from. 
ediico,  -ere,   -xl,  -ductus,  to  lead 

forth. 
educo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  to  educate. 
effemind,     -are,    -avi,    -atus,     to 

weaken,  enervate. 
ego,  mei,  /. 
egredior,  -i,  -gressus   sum,  to  go 

forth,  depart. 
egregius,  -a,  -um,  excellent. 
elegantia,  -ae,  f.,  elegance. 
elephantus,  -i,  m.,  elephant. 
enim,  for. 

eo,  Tre,  Ivi,  itus,  to  go. 
Ephesus,  -i,  f.,  Ephesus. 
epistula,  -ae,  f.,  letter. 
eques,  -itis,  m.,  horseman. 
equester,  -tris,  -tre,  pertaining  to 

cavalry. 
equitatus,  -us,  m.,  cavahy. 
equus,  -T,  m.,  horse. 
erro,  -are,  -avT,  -atus,  to  err* 
et,  conj.,  and. 
Europa,  -ae,  f.,  Europe. 
excedo,  -ere,  -cessi,  -cessus,  to  go 

out,  depart. 
excido,   -ere,    -cidi, ,  to  fall 

from. 
excido,   -ere,   -cidi,  -cisus,  to  cut 

down. 


exemplum 


218 


Gallia 


exemplum,  -T,  n.,  example. 
exeo,  -ire,  -Ivi,  -itus,  to  go  forth  or 

out, 
exercitus,  -us,  m.,  army. 
existimo,    -are,     -avi,    -atus,    to 

think,  consider. 
expiigno,     -are,    -avi,     -atus,     to 

storm,  capture. 
exspecto,    -are,    -avi,    -atus,     /^ 

aivait,  look  for. 
exterior,  -ius,  exterior. 

F. 
fabula,  -ae,  f,,  story,  fable. 
facile,  adv.,  easily. 
facilis,  -e,  easy. 
facio,  -ere,  feci,  factus,  to  make, 

do,  perform. 
f actio,  -onis,  f.,  faction. 
fames,  -is,  f.,  hunger. 
familia,  -ae,  f.,  family,  household. 
faveo,  -ere,  favl,  fautus,  to  favor. 
Februarius,  -1,  m.,  February. 
feliciter,  adv.,  happily. 
felix,  -Icis,  happy. 
Felix,  -Icis,  m.,  Felix. 
femina,  -ae,  f.,  woman. 
fera,  -ae,  f.,  wild  beast. 
fero,    ferre,    tulT,   latus,   to   bear, 

carry,  endure. 
ferrum,  -I,  n.,  iron. 
fertilis,  -e,  fertile. 
fide,  adv.,  faithfully. 
fidelis,  -e,  trusty,  faithful. 
fideliter,  faithfully. 
fides,  -el,  f.,  trust,  confidence. 
fidus,  -a,  -um,  faithful. 
filia,  -ae,  f.,  daughter. 


fllius,  -T,  m.,  son. 

finis,  -is,  m.,  end,  limit,  boundary. 

fio,  fieri,  factus  sum,  pass,  of  facio, 
be  made,  become. 

firmus,  -a,  -yxm,firm,  strong. 

floreo,  -ere,  florui, ,  to  bloom, 

flourish. 

flos,  -oris,  m.,  flower. 

flumen,  -inis,  n.,  river. 

fluo,  -ere,  -xT,  -xus,  to  flow. 

fluvius,  -i,  m.,  stream. 

folium,  -l,  n.,  leaf. 

fortis,  -e,  brave,  valiant. 

fortiter,  adv.,  bravely. 

fortitiido,  -inis,  f.,  bravery,  forti- 
tude. 

fortuna,  -ae,  f.,  fortune. 

forum,  -I,  n.,  forum. 

fossa,  -ae,  f.,  ditch. 

frater,  -tris,  m.,  brother. 

fraus,  fraudis,  f.,  fraud. 

frigidus,  -a,  -um,  cold. 

frigus,  -oris,  n.,  cold. 

fructus,  -us,  m.,  fruit. 

frumentum,  -T,  n.,  corn,  grain. 

fruor,  fruT,  fructus  sum,  to  enjoy. 

fuga,  -ae,  f.,  flight, 

fugio,  -ere,  fiigl,  fugitus,  to  flee, 
escape. 

fugo,  -are,  -avl,  -atus,  to  put  to 
flight. 

funditor,  -oris,  m.,  slinger. 

fungor,  fungi,  functus  sum,  to 
perform. 


Galba,  -ae,  m.,  Galba. 
Gallia,  -ae,  f.,  Gaul, 


Gallicus 


219 


ille 


Gallicus,  -a,  -urn,  Gallic, 

gallina,  -ae,  f.,  hen. 

Gallus,  -1,  m.,  a  Gaul. 

gaudeo,  -ere,  gavisus  sum,  to  re- 
joice, be  glad. 

gaudium,  -I,  n. ,  joy. 

Genava,  -ae,  f.,  Geneva. 

gens,  gentis,  f.,  tribe. 

genii,  -us,  n.,  knee. 

Germania,  -ae,  f.,  Germany. 

Germanus,  -a,  -um,  German. 

Germanus,  -I,  m.,  a  German. 

gero,  -ere,  gessi,  gestus,  to  bear, 
carry  on  (war). 

gigno,  -ere,  genu!,  genitus,  to  be- 
get, bring  forth. 

gladius,  -T,  m.,  sword. 

gloria,  -ae,  f.,  glory,  fame. 

gracilis,  -e,  graceful,  slender. 

Graecia,  -ae,  f.,  Greece. 

Graecus,  -a,  -um,  Greek. 

Graecus,  -I,  m.,  a  Greek. 

gramen,  -inis,  n.,  grass. 

gratia,  -ae,  f.,  favor,  esteem,  influ- 
ence. 

gratus,  -a,  -um,  grateful,  agree- 
able, acceptable. 

gravis,  -e,  heavy,  severe. 

graviter,  adv.,  heavily,  severely. 

H. 

habeo,   -ere,    -uT,   -itus,  to   have, 

hold,  regard. 
habito,  -are,  -avT,  -atus,  to  dwell, 

inhabit. 
Hannibal,  -is,  m.,  Hannibal. 
Hasdrubal,  -is,  m.,  Hasdrubal. 
hasta,  -ae,  f.,  spear. 


Helvetia,  -ae,  f.,  Helvetia. 

Helvetius,  -1,  m.,  an  Helvetian. 

herba,  -ae,  f.,  plant,  herb. 

hiberna,  -orum,  n.,  winter-quar- 
ters. 

Hibernia,  -ae,  f.,  Ireland. 

hie,  haec,  hoc,  this. 

hiemo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  to  winter. 

hiems,  -emis,  f.,  winter. 

Hispania,  -ae.,  f.,  Spain. 

historia,  -ae,  f.,  history. 

Homerus,  -T,  m.,  Homer. 

homo,  -inis,  m.,  man,  human 
being. 

honor,  -5ris,  m.,  honor,  esteem. 

hora,  -ae,  f.,  hour. 

Horatius  Cocles,  -1,  -is,  m.,  Hora- 
tius  Cocles. 

hortor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  to  exhort, 
encourage,  urge. 

hortus,  -T,  m.,  garden. 

hostis,  -is,  m.,  enemy  (public). 

hiimanus,  -a,  -um,  human. 

humilis,  -e,  low,  humble. 

humus,  -1,  f.,  ground. 


iaceo,  -ere,  -uT, ,  to  lie. 

iacio,  -ere,  ieci,  iactus,  to  throw, 

hurl. 
Ianuarius,  -1,  m.,  January. 
ibi,  adv.,  there,  at  that  place. 
idem,  eadem,  idem,  the  same. 
idoneus,  -a,  -um,ft,  suitable. 
ignavia,  -ae,  f.,  cowardice. 
ignosco,    -ere,    -novT,    -notus,   to 

pardon,  forgive. 
ille,  ilia,  illud,  that. 


immortalis 


220 


Iura 


immortalis,  -e,  immortal. 

impedimentum,  -T,  n.,  hindrance  ; 
(pi.)  heavy  baggage. 

imperator,  -oris,  m.,  co??imanderP 
general,  chief. 

imperitus,  -a,  -urn,  unskilled,  ig- 
norant. 

imperium,  -T,  n.,  command,  au- 
thority, power,  empire. 

impetus,  -us,  m.,  attack,  violence. 

impius,  -a,  -um,  impious. 

impono,  -ere,  -posuT,  -positus,  to 
place  on,  impose. 

importo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  to  bring 
in,  import. 

improbus,  -a,  -um,  wicked. 

imprudens,  -tis,  imprudent. 

in,  prep,  with  ace.  and  abl.,  into, 
in,  against. 

incendium,  -T,  n.,  conflagration. 

incipio,  -ere,  -cepi,  -ceptus,  to  be- 
gin,  take  up. 

incito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  to  rouse, 
incite,  spur  on. 

incola,  -ae,  m.,  inhabitant. 

incolo,  -ere,  -coluT, ,  to  dwell, 

inhabit. 

industria,  -ae,  f.,  industry. 

ineo,  -ire,  -IvI,  -itus,  to  go  into,  enter. 

infelix,  -Tcis,  unhappy. 

inferus,  -a,  -um,  below. 

ingens,  -entis,  huge,  vast. 

inicio,  -ere,  -iecT,  -iectus,  to  hurl 
into  or  against. 

inimicus,  -T,  m.,  enemy  (personal}. 

initium,  -T,  n.,  beginning. 

iniuria,  -ae,  f.,  injury,  wrong. 

innocens,    centis,  innoce?it. 


insidiae,    -arum,    ambush,    plot, 

stratagem. 
instruo,  -ere,  -xi,  -ctus,  to  arrange, 

draw  up. 
insula,  -ae?  f.,  island. 
integritas,  -atis,  f.,  integrity. 
intellego,   -ere,   -lexi,  -Iectus,   to 

perceive,  tinder sta  n d. 
inter,   prep,   with    ace,   between, 

among,  during. 
intercludo,  -ere,  -clusl,  -cliisus,  to 

cut  off,  obstruct. 
interficio,   -ere,   -feci,   -fectus,  to 

kill. 
intersum,  -esse,  -fuT, ,  to  be 

among. 
intra,  prep,  with  ace,  also  adv., 

within. 
invenio,  -Ire,  -venl,  -ventus,  to  in- 
vent, find,  discover. 
ipse,  -a,  -um,  ^^"(app.). 
ira,  -ae,  f.,  anger. 
is,  ea,  id,  that,  he,  she,  it. 
iste,  -a,  -ud,  that  (near you), 
Italia,  -ae,  f.?  Italy. 
iter,    itineris,   n.,    way3   journey, 

march. 
iubeo,  -ere,  iussT,  iussus,  to  order, 

bid,  command. 
iudex,  -icis,  m.,  judge. 
iudico,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,   to  judge, 

decide* 
Iulia,  -ae,  f.,  Julia. 
Iiilius,  -T,  m.,  Julius. 
Iunius,  -T,  m.,  June. 
Iuppiter,  Iovis,  m.,  Jupiter. 
Iura,  -ae,  m.,  Jura  (a  mountain 

chaifi). 


221 


iussus,  -us,  command. 
iustitia,  -ae,  injustice. 
iustus,  -a,  -um,  just,  right. 
iuvenis,  -is,  m.,  a  young  man. 
iuvo,  -are,  iuvl,  iutus,  to  aid,  help*, 
assist. 


Labienus,  -T,  m.,  Labienus. 
laboro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  to  labor, 

work,  toil. 
laedo,  -ere,  laesT,  laesus,  to  injure, 

hnrt. 
laete,  adv.,  gladly. 
laetitia,  -ae,  f.,  gladness. 
laetor,  -arl,  -atus  sum?  to  rejoice, 

exult. 
laetus,  -a,  -um,  glad,  joyful. 
lapis,  -idis,  m.,  stone. 
late,  adv.,  widely,  far. 
latebra,  -ae,  f.,  hiding  place. 

lateo,  -ere,  -uT, ,  to  lie  hidden. 

latus,  -a,  -um,  wide,  broad. 
laudo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  to  praise, 

commend. 
laus,  -dis,  f.,  praise. 
legatio,  -5nis,  f.,  embassy,  legation. 
legatus,  -I,  m.,  ambassador,  legate, 

lieutenant. 
legiS,  -onis,  f.,  legion. 
lego,   -ere,  leg!,  lectus,  to  choose, 

select,  read. 
leo,  -onis,  m.,  lion. 
lex,  legis,  f.,  law. 
libenter,  adv.,  zuillingly. 
liber,  -era,  -erum,  free. 
liber,  -bri,  m.,  book. 
liberalitas,  -tatis,  f.,  liberality. 


liberi,  -orum,  m.,  children. 
libero,    -are,  -avi,  -atus,  to  free, 

release,  liberate. 
libertas,  -tatis,  f.,  liberty,  freedom. 
littera,  -ae,  f.,  letter   {alphabet); 

(pi.)  epistle^  document. 
locus,  -I,  m.,  place,  situation. 
longus,  -a,  -um,  long,  distant. 
loquor,  -T,  lociitus  sum,  to  speak, 

talk,  tell,  say. 
liigeo,  -ere,  luxl,  luctus,  to  mourn. 
luna,  -ae,  f.,  moon. 
lupus,  -T,  m.,  wolf. 
lux,  lucis,  f.,  light. 

M. 
maestus,  -a,  -um,  sad. 
magister,  -trl,  m.,  master?  teacher. 
magistrates,  -us,  m.?  magistracy, 

magistrate. 
magnitudo,    -inis,    f.,   greatness, 

size. 
magnus,  -a,  -um,  great,  large. 
Maius,  -T,  m.,  May. 
malo,     malle,     malul?    to     choose 

rather,  prefer. 
malus,  -a,  -um,  bad,  evil. 
maneo,    -ere,    mansl,   mansus,   to 

stay,  remain,  abide. 
manus,  -us,  f.,  hand,  band. 
Marcus,  -T,  m.,  Marcus. 
mare,  -is,  n.,  sea. 
maritimus,  -a,  -um,  maritime 
Mars,  -tis,  m.,  Mars. 
Martius,  -I,  m.,  March. 
mater,  -tris,  f.,  mother. 
matrona,  -ae,  f.,  matron. 
maxime,  adv.,  especially. 


medicina 


222 


nobiliter 


medicina,  -ae,  f.,  medicine. 

medius,  -a,  -urn,  middle. 

memoria,  -ae,  f.,  memory. 

mens,  mentis,  f.,  mind,  reason, 
judgment. 

mensa,  -ae,  f.,  table. 

mensis,  -is,  m.,  month. 

Mercurius,  -T,  m.,  Mercury. 

meridies,  -el,  m.,  midday,  noon. 

metuo,  -ere,  -uT,  -iitus,  to  fear. 

metus,  -us,  m.,fear,  dread. 

meus,  -a,  -um,  my,  mine. 

miles,  -itis,  m.,  soldier. 

militia,  -ae,  f.,  soldiery,  military 
service. 

Miltiades,  -is,  m.,  Miltiades. 

Minerva,  -ae,  f.,  Minerva. 

miror,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  to  ad?nire, 
wonder  at. 

miser,  -era,  -erum,  wretched,  un- 
fortunate. 

misere,  adv.,  unfortunately. 

mitto,  -ere,  mlsl,  missus,  to  send. 

modestus,  -a,  -um,  modest. 

mone5,  -ere,  -uT,  -itus,  to  advise, 
•  warn. 

mons,  montis,  m.,  mountain,  hill. 

morbus,  -I,  m.,  disease. 

morior,  morl,  mortuus  sum,  to  die. 

moror,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  to  delay, 
tarry. 

mors,  mortis,  f.,  death. 

mortalis,  -e,  mortal. 

mos,  moris,  in.,  manner,  custom  ; 
(pi.)   character. 

moved,  -ere,  movi,  motus,  to  move, 
excite. 

mox,  adv.,  presently,  soon. 


mulier,  -eris,  f.,  woman. 

multitudo,  -inis,  f.,  multitude. 

multo,  adv.,  much  ;  multum,  adv., 
much. 

multus,  -a,  -um,  much. 

muner5,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  to  re- 
ward, remunerate. 

munio,  -Ire,  -Ivi  (-il),  -itus,  to 
fortify. 

murus,  -T,  m.,  wall,  rampart. 

mus,  muris,  m.  and  f.,  mouse. 

muto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  to  change, 

N. 
nam,  for. 

narro,  -are,  -avT,  -atus,  to  tell. 
nascor,    nasci,    natus    sum,  to   be 

born,  arise. 
natiS,  -onis,  f.,  nation,  tribe. 
natura,  -ae,  f.,  nature,  birth. 
nauta,  -ae,  m.,  sailor. 
navigo,  -are,  -avT,  -atus,  to  sail, 

navigate. 
navis,  -is,  f.,  ship. 
ne,  conj.,  that  not,  lest,  so  that  not. 
ne,  adv.,  not. 

-ne,  enclitic,  sign  of  question. 
neco,  -are,  -avT,  -atus,  to  kill. 
nescio,  -Tre,  -TvT,  -Itus,  not  to  know. 
neuter,  -tra,  -trum,  neither  {of  two). 
niger,  -gra,  -grum,  black,  dark. 
nihil,  n.  indecl.,  nothing;  as  adv., 

not  at  all. 
Nilus,  -I,  m.,  Nile. 
nisi  (conj.),  unless,  if  not. 
nix,  nivis,  f.,  snow. 
nobilis,  -e,  noble,  famous. 
nobiliter,  adv.,  nobly. 


223 


pars 


noceo,  -ere,  -uT,  -itus,  to  harm, 
injure. 

nolo,  nolle,  nolui,  to  be  unwilling. 

nomen,  -inis,  n.,  name. 

non,  adv.,  not. 

nonne,  interrog.  particle  expect- 
ing answer  yes. 

n5nnullus,  -a,  -urn,  some. 

noster,  -tra,  -trum,  our. 

nStus,  -a,  -urn,  known. 

November,  -bris,  m.,  Nove?7iber. 

novus,  -a,  -um,  new,  unusual. 

nox,  noctis,  f.,  night. 

millus,  -a,  -um,  no. 

num,  interrog.  particle  expecting 
the  answer  no. 

numerus,  -i,  m.,  number. 

nunc,  adv.,  now. 

nunquam,  adv.,  never. 

nuntio,  -are,  -avl,  -atus,  to  an- 
nounce. 

niintius,  -T,  m.,  messenger,  mes- 
sage. 

0. 

obses,  -idis,  m.  and  f.,  hostage, 
pledge. 

obsidio,  -onis,  f.,  siege. 

obsisto,  -ere,  -stitl,  -stitus,  to  op- 
pose, resist,  withstand. 

obsum,  -esse,  -fuT,  to  oppose. 

OCCldo,  -ere,  -cldl,  -cisus,  to  cut 
down,  kill. 

OCCUpo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  to  seize, 
occupy. 

October,  -bris,  m.,  October. 

oculus,  -I,  m.,  eye,  sight. 

offendo,  -ere,  -fendi,  -fensus,  to 
offend,  displease. 


olim,  adv.,  o?ice,  once  upon  a  time. 

Olympus,  -T,  m.,  Olympus. 

omnis,  -e,  all,  every. 

onerarius,  -a,  -um,  freighted. 

onus,  -eris,  n.,  load,  burden. 

oppidanus,  -T,  m.,  townsman. 

Oppidum,  -I,  n.,  town  (walled). 

Opprimo,  -ere,  -press!,  -pressus,  to 
overwhelm. 

oppugno,  -are,  -avl,  -atus,  to  be- 
siege. 

Opulentus,  -a,  -um,  rich,  opulent. 

opus,  -eris,  n.,  work,  fortification. 

ora,  -ae,  f.,  coast. 

oraculum,  -I,  n.,  oracle. 

oratio,  -onis,  f.,  oration,  speech. 

orator,  -oris,  m.,  orator. 

orior,  -in,  ortus  sum,  to  rise,  arise9 
begin,  spring  from. 

orno,  -are,  -avl,  -atus,  to  adorn, 
decorate. 

OS,  ossis,  n.,  bone. 

OS,  oris,  n.,  mouth. 

P. 

paco,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  to  pacify, 
subdue. 

Padus,  -T,  m.,  Padus. 

parco,  -ere,  pepercT,  parsus,  to 
spare. 

parens,  -entis,  m.,  parent. 

pareo,  -ere,  parul,  paritus,  to  obey. 

pario,  -ere,  peperl,  partus,  to  bring 
forth. 

paro,  -are,  -avl,  -atus,  to  prepare, 
provide,  acquire,  get. 

pars,  partis,  f.,  part,  share,  por- 
tion, direction. 


partio 


224 


praemitto 


partio,  -Tre,  -Ivi,  -itus,  to  divide. 

partus,  -us,  m.,  birth. 

parvus,  -a,  -urn,  small,  little. 

passus,  -us,  m.,  pace. 

pater,  -tris,  m.,  father. 

patientia,  -ae,  f.,  patience. 

patria,  -ae.,  f.,  native  land,  coun- 
try. 

pauci,  -orum,  m.,few. 

pax,  pacis,  f.,  peace. 

pecunia,  -ae,  f.,  money. 

pedes,  -itis,  m.,  foot-soldier. 

peditatus,  -us,  m.,  infantry. 

penna,  -ae,  f.,  feather,  wing. 

pensum,  -1,  n.,  task,  lesson. 

per,  prep,  with  ace.,  through. 

periculosus,  -a,  -um,  perilous, 
dangerous. 

periculum,  -T,  n.,  danger,  risk, 
peril. 

peritus,  -a,  -um,  skilful,  experi- 
enced. 

pernicies,  -el,  f.,  destruction,  evil. 

perniciosus,  -a,  -um,  destructive, 
pernicious. 

Persa,  -ae,  m.,  a  Persian. 

persuaded,  -ere,  -si,  -sus,  per- 
suade, convince. 

pertineo,  -ere,  -ul,  — 1 — ,  to  hold 
through,  extend. 

pervenio,  -Tre,  -venT,  -ventus,  to 
come  to,  arrive. 

pes,  pedis,  Yd.,  foot. 

peto,  -ere,  -IvT,  -itus,  to  seek,  ask. 

piger,  -gra,  -grum,  lazy. 

pirata,  -ae,  m.,  pirate. 

pius,  -a,  -um,  pious. 

placed,  -ere,  -ul,  -itus,  to  please. 


planicies,    -el,    f.,   level  ground, 

plain. 
planitia,  -ae,  f.,  plain. 
planities,  -el,  f.,  plain. 
Plato,  -onis,  m.,  Plato. 
poculum,  -T,  n.,  cup. 
Poenus,  -T,  m.,  a  Carthaginian. 
poeta,  -ae,  m.,  poet. 
polliceor,  -eri,  -itus  sum,  to  pro??i- 

ise,  offer. 
Pompeius,  -1,  m.,  Pompey. 
pono,  -ere,  posuT,  positus,  to  place, 

put. 
pons,  pontis,  m.,  bridge. 
populus,  -T,  f.,  poplar  tree. 
populus,  -T,  m.,  people,  nation. 
porta,  -ae,  f.,  gate,  entrance. 
porto,  -are,  -avl,  -atus,  to  carry, 

bear. 
portus,  -iis,  m.,  harbor. 
possum,  posse,  potuT,  to  be  able. 
post,   prep,    with  ace.,   and  adv., 

after. 
postea,  adv.,  afterwards. 
posterus,  -a,  -urn,  following. 
potens,  -entis,  poiverful. 
potentia,  -ae,  f.,  power. 
potestas,  -atis,  f.,  power,  ability, 

opportunity. 
potior,  -Irl,  -Ttus  sum,  to  get  posses- 
sion of,  obtain. 
praeceptor,    -oris,   m.,  preceptor, 

teacher. 
praeda,  -ae,  f.,  booty. 
praeficio,  -ere,  -feci,  -fectus,  to  set 

over,  put  in  command  of. 
praemitto,  -ere,  -misi,  -missus,  to 

send  before. 


praemium 


225 


quis 


praemium,  -T,  n.,  reward. 

praesidium,  -I,  n.,  defense,  garri- 
son. 

praesto,  -are,  -stiti,  -stitus,  stir- 
pass,  excel. 

praesum,  -esse,  -fuf,  to  be  in  com- 
mand of. 


provideo,  -ere,  -vldl,  -\is\is,to  pro- 

vide  for,  care  for. 
provincia,  -ae,  {.,  province. 
priidens,  -entis,  prudent. 
publicus,  -a,  -urn,  public,   of  the 

state. 
pudor,  -oris,  m.,  shame,  modesty. 


pretiosus,  -a,  -urn,  valuable,  pre-       puella,  -ae,  f.,  girl. 


cious. 
primo,  adv.,  at  first. 
primus,    -a,  -um,  first,  fore?nost, 

principal. 
prior,  -us,  former,  earlier. 
princeps,   -cipis,  first,  chief;    as 

noun,  chief,  leader. 
pro,    prep,    with    abl.,    before,    in 

front  of,  for,  instead  of 
probus,  -a,  -um,  upright. 
procedo,    -ere,    -cessT,   -cessus,   to 

advance,  proceed. 
proditor,  -5ris,  m.,  traitor. 
proelium,  -T,  n.,  battle,  co?nbat. 
proficiscor,  -!,  -fectus  sum,  to  set 

out,  go,  march. 
progredior,   -T,   -gressus   sum,    to 

advance,  proceed. 
prohibeo,  -ere,  -uT,  -itus,  to  hold      quam,  adv.,  than. 


puer,  -T,  m.,  boy ;  (pi.)  boys,  chil- 
dren. 

pugna,  -ae,  f.,  battle,  fight,  com- 
bat. 

piigno,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  to  fight, 
contend. 

pulcher,  -chra,  -chrum,  beautiful, 
handsome. 

Punicus,  -a,  -um,  Carthaginian. 

punio,  -Tre,  -TvT,  -Ttus,  to  punish. 

piirus,  -a,  -um,  pure. 

puto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  to  think, 
suppose,  judge. 

Q- 

quaero,    -ere,    quaeslvl,  -situs,  to 

seek,  ask,  inquire. 
qualis,  -e,  of  what  kind. 


back,  check,  restrain. 

proicio,  -ere,  -ieci,  -iectus,  to  throw 
forth  or  forward. 

Prometheus,  -el,  m.,  Prometheus. 

prope,  adv.,  and  prep,  with  ace., 
near. 

propero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  to  hasten. 

propter,  prep,  with  ace.,  on  ac- 
count of. 

prosum,  prodesse,  profuT,  to  bene- 

p. 


quantus,  -a,  -um,  how  great,  how 

much. 
-que,  enclitic  conj.,  and. 
qui,  quae,  quod,  who,  which,  what, 

that. 
quia,  conj.,  because. 
quidam,    quaedam,    quiddam,    a 

certain  one,  some  one. 
quilibet,  quaelibet,  quidlibet,  any 

you  please. 
quis,  quae,  quid,  who,  what? 


quispiam 


226 


quispiam,    quaepiam,    quidpiam, 

any  one,  anybody. 
quisquam,  quaequam,  quidquam, 

any,  any  one. 
quisque,  quaeque,  quidque,  each, 

each  one. 
quivis,  quae  vis,  quidvis,  any  one 

you  please. 

R. 

rapina,  -ae,  f.,  plunder. 

recipio,  -ere,  -cepi,  -ceptus,  to 
take  back,  recover. 

recreo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  to  refresh. 

redeo,  -Ire,  -TvT,  -itus,  to  go  back, 
return. 

regina,  -ae,  f.,  queen. 

regio,  -onis,  f.,  region. 

regno,  -are,  -avT,  -atus,  to  reign. 

regnum,  -T,  n.,  reign,  kingdom. 

rego,  -ere,  rexT,  rectus,  to  rule, 
govern,  direct. 

relinquo,  -ere,  -liquT,  -lictus,  to 
leave  behind,  abandon. 

remaned,   -ere,  -mansi,  ,   to 

remain. 

renovo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  to  re- 
new. 

renuntio,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  to  bring 
back  word,  report. 

reperio,  -Ire,  -pperl,  -pertus,  to 
find,  discover,  learn. 

reporto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  to  bring 
back. 

res,  rel,  f.,  thing,  affair,  circufn- 
stance. 

res  f  tfimeiLta.Yia., provisions,  corn- 
supply. 


resisto,  -ere,  -stitl, ,  to  with- 
stand, resist,  oppose. 

responded,  -ere,  -dl,  -sponsus,  to 
answer,  reply. 

respublica,  republic,  state. 

revertor,  -I,  -sus  sum,  to  turn  back, 
return. 

revoco,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  to  call 
back. 

rex,  regis,  m.,  king. 

Rhenus,  -T,  m.,  Rhine. 

Rhodanus,  -T,  m.,  Rhone. 

ripa,  -ae,  f.,  bank  {of  a  river). 

Roma,  -ae,  f.,  Rome. 

Romanus,  -a,  -um,  Roman;  as 
noun,  a  Roman. 

Romulus,  -T,  m.,  Romulus. 

rosa,  -ae,  f.,  rose. 

rumor,  -oris,  m.,  rumor. 

rupes,  -is,  f. ,  rock. 

rursus,  adv.,  again,  back. 

rus,  ruris,  n.,  country. 

riisticus,  -a,  -um,  pertaining  to  the 
country,  rustic,  rural. 

riisticus,  -T,  m.,  farmer. 

S. 
sacer,  -era,  -crum,  sacred. 
sacerdos,  -otis,  m.  and  f.,  priest, 

priestess. 
saepe,  adv.,  often. 
sagitta,  -ae,  f.,  arrow. 
salubris,  -e,  healthful,  salubrious. 
saliis,  -utis,  f.,  safety,  security. 
sanctus,  -a,  -um,  sacred. 
sapiens,  -entis,  wise. 
sapientia,  -ae,  f.,  wisdom. 
sarcina,  -ae,  i.,pack,  burden. 


satis 


227 


tantus 


satis,  adv.,  enough. 

scelus,  -eris,  n.,  crime. 

scientia,  -ae,  f.,  science,  knowledge. 

scio,  -Tre,  -TvT,  -Ttus,  to  know,  un- 
derstand. 

Scipio,  -onis,  m.,  Scipio. 

scribo,  -ere,  -psT,  -ptus,  to  write. 

scriptor,  -oris,  m.,  writer. 

scutum,  -T,  n.,  shield. 

sed,  conj.,  but. 

semper,  adv.,  always,  ever. 

senator,  -oris,  m.,  senator. 

senatus,  -us,  m.,  senate. 

senex,  senis,  m.,  old  man;  adj., 
old. 

sepulcrum,  -I,  n.,  sepulcher,  grave. 

sequor,  -T,  -cutus  sum,  to  follow, 
pursue. 

sermo,  -onis,  m.,  sermon,  speech, 
conversation. 

servio,  -ire,  -Ivi,  -Ttus,  to  be  a  slave, 
to  serve. 

servo,  -are,  -avl,  -atus,  to  save, 
preserve,  keep. 

servus,  -1,  m.,  slave,  servant. 

si,  conj.,  if. 

Sicilia,  -ae,  f.,  Sicily. 

Slgnifer,  -1,  m.,  standard-bearer. 

signum,  -1,  n.,  mark,  sign,  signal, 
standard. 

silva,  -ae,  f.,  forest. 

similis,  -e,  like,  similar. 

sinister,  -tra,  -trum,  left,  unfavor- 
able. 

SOCius,  -1,  m.,  companion,  ally. 

Socrates,  -is,  m.,  Socrates. 

sol,  solis,  m.,  sun. 

Solon,  -onis,  m.,  Solon. 


solus,  -a,  -um,  alone,  only. 

somnus,  -I,  m.,  sleep. 

soror,  -oris,  f.,  sister. 

Sparta,  -ae,  f.,  Sparta. 

spes,  -eT,  f.,  hope,  expectation: 

statim,  adv.,  immediately. 

statua,  -ae,  f.,  statue. 

stella,  -ae,  f.,  star. 

sto,  stare,  stetl,  status,  to  stand. 

subito,  adv.,  suddenly. 

subitus,  -a,  -um,  sudden. 

succumbo,  -ere,  -cubuT,  -cubitus, 
to  succumb. 

succurro,  -ere,  -currl,  -cursus,  to 
aid,  succor. 

SUl,  gen.  refl.  pronoun  3d  pers., 
of  himself,  herself,  etc. 

Sulla,  -ae,  m.,  Sulla. 

sum,  esse,  fuT,  to  be. 

sumo,  -ere,  sumpsl,  sumptus,  to 
take,  assume,  claim. 

superbus,  -a,  -um,  proud,  haughty. 

supero,  -are,  -avl,  -atus,  to  over- 
come, conquer. 

superus,  -a,  -um,  above. 

supplicatio,  -onis,  f.,  thanks- 
giving. 

suspicio,  -5nis,  f.,  suspicion,  dis- 
trust. 

sustineo,  -ere,  -uT,  -tentus,  to  sus- 
tain, bear,  endure. 

suus,  -a,  -um,  his,  her,  its,  their. 


talis,  -e,  such,  of  such  kind. 
tarn,  adv.,  so. 

tamen,  conj.,  yet,  nevertheless. 
tantus,  -a,  -um,  sq  great,  so  much. 


tempestas 


228 


vereor 


tempestas,     -tatis,     f.,      tempest, 

weather,  time. 
templum,  -1,  n.,  temple. 
tempus,  -oris,  n.,  time,  season,  oc- 
casion. 
teneo,   -ere,  -ui,   tentus,  to  hold, 

keep,  occupy. 
tener,  -era,  -erum,  tender. 
terra,  -ae,  f.,  land,  country. 
terror,  -oris,  m.,  terror. 
Tiberis,  -is,  m.,  Tiber. 
Ticlnus,  -1,  m.v,  Ticinus. 
timeo,  -ere,  -ui,  ,  to  fear,  be 

afraid  of. 
timor,  -oris,  m.,  fear,  alarm. 
tolero,  -are,    -avl,  -atus,   to  bear, 

endure. 
totus,  -a,  -um,  all,  whole,  entire. 
tradiico,    -ere,  -duxl,   -ductus,   to 

lead  across. 
traho,  -ere,  traxi,  tractus,  to  draw. 
trans,  prep,  with  ace.,  across. 
transeo,  -ire,  -Ivi,  -itus,  to  go  across, 

cross. 
transports,    -are,    -avl,   -atus,    to 

carry  across. 
tribus,  -us,  f.,  tribe. 
Troia,  -ae,  f.,  Troy. 
tu,  tuT,  thou,  you. 
tuba,  -ae,  f.,  trumpet. 
turn,  adv.,  then,  at  that  time. 
tutus,  -a,  -um,  safe. 
tuus,  -a,  -um,  thy,  your. 

U. 
ubi,  adv.,  where,  when. 
ubique,  adv.,  everywhere. 
ullus,  -a,  -um,  any. 


ulterior,   -ius,  farther,  more  dis- 

tanl. 
umquam,  adv.,  at  any  time,  ever. 
unus,  -a,  -um,  one,  only,  alone. 
urbs,  urbis,  f.,  city. 
urged,  -ere,   ursi,  ,   to  press, 

crowd,  oppress. 
usus,  -us,  m.,  use, practice,  service, 

advantage. 
ut,  conj.,  that,   in  order  that,  so 

that. 
uter,  -tra,  -trum,  which  (of  two). 
uterque,  utraque,  utrumque,  each 

(of  two). 
utilis,  -e,  useful,  serviceable. 
utinam,  adv.,  would  that,  O  that ! 
utor,  -T,  usus  sum,  to  use,  employ, 

adopt,  enjoy. 
utrum,  conj.,  whether. 
iiva,  -ae,  f.,  grape. 
uxor,  -5ris,  f.,  wife. 


valeo,  -ere,  -ui, ,  to  be  strong, 

be  well. 
validus,  -a,  -um,  strong,  sturdy. 
vallum,  -I,  n.,  wall,  rampart. 
varius,  -a,  -um,  various. 
vasto,  -are,  -avl,  -atus,  to  lay  waste, 

devastate. 
vectlgal,  -alis,  n.,  tax,  revenue. 
vendo,  -ere,  -didi,  -ditus,  to  sell. 
venenum,  -1,  n.,  poison. 
venio,  -Ire,  venT,  ventus,  to  come. 
verbum,  -T,  n.,  word ;   (pi.)  words, 

language. 
vereor,    -eri,    -itus   sum,   to  fear, 

dread. 


Vergilius 


229 


Zama 


Vergilius,  -I,  m.,  Vergil. 

Veritas,  -atis,  f.,  truth. 

verii,  -us,  n.,  a  spit. 

verus,  -a,  -um,  true. 

vescor,  -T, ,  to  feed  upon,  eat. 

vester,  -tra,  -trum,  your. 

vestitus,  -us,  m.,  clothing. 

vetus,  -eris,  old,  ancient. 

via,  -ae,  f.,  road,  way,  march. 

vicinus,  -T,  m.,  neighbor. 

victor,  -oris,  m.,  conqueror,  victor. 

victoria,  -ae,  f.,  victory. 

video,  -ere,  vidl,  visus,  to  see,  be- 
hold. 

vigilia,  -ae,  f.,  a  watch  {a  fourth 
part  of  the  night). 

vincio,  -ire,  vinxi,  vinctus,  to  bind, 
tie. 

vinco,  -ere,  vicT,  victus,  to  con- 
quer, subdue. 

vinea,  -ae,  f.,  besieging  shed. 

vinum,  -T,  n.,  wine. 

violo,  -are,  -avl,  -at us,  to  violate. 


vir,  viri,  m.,  man,  hero. 

viridis,  -e,  green. 

virtus,  -tutis,  f.,  courage,  bravery, 
virtue. 

vita,  -ae,  f.,  life. 

Vlto,  -are,  -avT,  -atus,  to  shun. 

vitupero,  -are,  -avl,  -atus,  to 
blame. 

vivus,  -a,  -um,  alive. 

VOCO,  -are,  -avl,  -atus,  to  call,  sum- 
mon. 

volo,  -are,  -avl,  -atus,  to  fly. 

volo,  velle,  voluT,  to  wish,  desire. 

voluptas,  -atis,  f.,  pleasure. 

VOX,  vocis,  f.,  voice,  sound,  word. 

vulnero,  -are,  -avl,  -atus,  to  wound. 

vulpes,  -is,  i.,fox. 

X. 

Xerxes,  -is,  m.,  Xerxes. 

Z. 

Zama,  -ae,  f.,  Zama. 


ENGLISH-LATIN    VOCABULARY. 


Note.  ■ 


-Numerals  are  omitted  from  this  vocabulary.      They  can  be  found  by 
referring  to  paragraphs  179  and  183. 


A. 

abandon,    relinquo,   -ere,   -llqul, 

-Hctus. 
about,  de,  with  abl. 
abundance,  copia,  -ae,/ 
across,  trans,  with  ace. 
admirable,  admirabilis,  -e. 
adorn,  orno,  -are,  -avi,  -atus. 
advance,  progredior,  -gredi,  -gres- 

sus  sum. 
advise,  moneo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itus. 
Africa,  Africa,  -ae,/ 
after,  post,  with  ace. 
afterwards,  postea,  adv. 
against,  in,  with  ace. 
aid,  auxilium,  -1,  n. 
aid,  iuvo,  -are,  iiivl,  iutus. 
air,  aer,  aeris,  m.,  ace.  aera. 
Alexander,  Alexander,  -drT,  m. 
all,  omnis,  -e. 
ally,  socius,  -I,  m. 
alone,   solus,   -a,  -um;   unus,  -a, 

-um. 
Alps,  Alpes,  -ium,yC 
altar,  ara,  -ae,/ 


although,  cum. 

always,  semper. 

ambassador,  legatus,  -I,  m, 

ambush,  Tnsidiae,  -arum,/ 

among,  inter;  apud,  with  ace. 

ancient,  antlquus,  -a,  -um. 

and,  et,  -que. 

anger,  Ira,  -ae,/. 

animal,  animal,  -alis,  n. 

another,  alius,  -a,  -um. 

arm,  armo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus. 

arms,  arma,  -drum,  n. 

army,  exercitus,  -us,  m. 

arrive,    advenio,    perveniS,   -ire, 

-veni,  -ventus. 
arrow,  sagitta,  -ae,/ 
art,  ars,  artis,/ 
Asia,  Asia,  -ae,/ 
ask,  quaero,  -ere,  -sivT,  -situs. 
ass,  asinus,  -T,  m. 
Athens,  Athenae,  -arum,/ 
attack,  oppugno,  -are,  -avi,  -atus ; 

aggredior,  -di,  -gressus  sum. 
author,  scrlptor,  -oris,  m. 
authority,  auctoritas,  -tads,/ 
avoid,  vlto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus. 


231 


Bacchus 


232 


cavalry-man 


B. 

Bacchus,  Bacchus,  -1,  m. 

bad,  malus,  -a,  -um. 

badly,  male. 

baggage,  sarcina,  -ae,/ 

band,  manus,  -us,  m. 

bank,  rlpa,  -ae,/ 

battle,  pugna,  -ae,  //  proelium, 
-1,  n. 

battle-line,  acies,  -el,//  agmen, 
-minis,  n. 

be,  sum,  esse,  fuT. 

be  able,  possum,  posse,  potul. 

be  absent,  absum,  abesse,  afuT. 

beast,  bestia,  -ae,  f. 

beautiful,  pulcher,  -chra,  -chrum. 

be  born,  nascor,  nascl,  natus  sum. 

because,  quod,  quia. 

beg,  pet5,  -ere,  -IvI,  -Ttus. 

begin,  incipio,  -ere,  -cepl,  -ceptus. 

beginning,  initium,  -1,  n. 

Belgian,  Belga,  -ae,  m. 

believe,  credo,  -ere,  credidl,  cre- 
dit us. 

benefit,  prosum,  prodesse,  proful. 

be  present,  adsum,  adesse,  aft* uT. 

besiege,  oppiigno,  -are,  -avi,  -atus. 

besieging  shed,  vlnea,  -ae,/ 

betrayer,  prSditor,  -oris,  m. 

bind,  adlig5,  -are,  -avi,-  -atus. 

bird,  avis,  -is,  / 

(birth) ,  by  birth,  natii. 

black,  niger,  nigra,  nigrum. 

blame,  vituperS,  -are,  -avi,  -atus. 

boat,  cymba,  -ae,yC 

body,  corpus,  -oris,  n. 

boldly,  audiicter. 

boldness,  audacia,  -ae,/ 


book,  liber,  -brl,  m. 

booty,  praeda,  -ae,  /. 

both  .  .  .  and,  et  .  .  .  et. 

boy,  puer,  -erl,  ;;/. 

brave,  fortis,  -e. 

bravely,  fortiter. 

bravery,  virtus,  -tutis  ;  fortitiido, 
-inis,  /. 

bridge,  pons,  pontis,  m. 

bring,  porto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus. 

bring  back,  reporto,  -are,  -avi, 
-atus. 

Britain,  Britannia,  -ae,/ 

broad,  latus,  -a,  -um. 

brother,  frater,  -tris,  m. 

build,  aedifico,  -are,  -avi,  -atus. 

but,  sed. 

by,  a,  ab,  with  abl. 

by  means  of,  ablative  of  instru- 
ment without  prep. 


Caesar,  Caesar,  -aris,  m. 

call,  voco,  -are,  -avi,  -atus. 

camp,  castra,  -orum,  n. 

captive,  captlvus,  -I,  m. 

capture,  capio,  -ere,  cepl,  captus. 

care,  ciira,  -ae,/ 

carry,    port5,    -are,    -avi,    -atus ; 

fero,  ferre,  tull,  latus. 
Carthage,  Carthagd,  -inis,  / 
Carthaginian,  Carthaginiensis,  -e. 
Catiline,  Catillna,  -ae,  m, 
cause,  causa,  -ae,/ 
cause,    facio,    -ere,    feci,   factus; 

paro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus. 
cavalry,  equitatus,  -us,  m, 
cavalry-man,  eques,  -itis,  m. 


celebrate 


233 


diligence 


celebrate,  celebr5,  -are,  -avi,  -atus. 
certain,  certus,  -a,  -urn. 
certainly,  certe. 

chastise,  cast!g5,  -are,  -avi,  -atus. 
chief,  princeps,  -ipis,  m. 
children,  llberl,  -orum,  m. ;  pueri, 

-orum,  m. 
choose  (rather),  mal5,  malle,  malui. 
Cicero,  Cicer5,  -onis,  m. 
Cincinnatus,  Cincinnatus,  -1,  m. 
citadel,  arx,  arcis,/ 
citizen,  civis,  -is,  m. 
city,  urbs,  urbis,/ 
clamor,  clamor,  -oris,  m. 
cold,  frlgidus,  -a,  -um. 
cold,  frlgus,  -oris,  n, 
collect,  confero,  -ferre,  -tulT,  -latus. 
color,  color,  -oris,  m. 
come,  venio,  -ire,  veni,  ventus. 
commander,  imperator,  -oris,  m. 
comrade,  comes,  -itis,  tn. 
concerning,  de,  with  abl. 
confidence,  fides,  -el,/ 
conquer,  vinco,  -ere,  vici,  victus; 

supero,  -are,  -avT,  -atus. 
conspiracy,  coniuratio,  -onis, /I 
conspire,  coniur5,  -are,  -avi,  -atus. 
constancy,  constantia,  -ae,yC 
consul,  consul,  -is,  m. 
contain,     contineo,   -ere,     -tenuT, 

-tentus. 
Corinth,  Corinthus,  -T,  / 
Cornelia,  Cornelia,  -ae,/ 
country,  patria,  -ae;  terra,  -ae,  f. ; 

riis,  ruris,  n. 
create,  creo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus. 
crime,  scelus,  -leris,  n. 
cross,  transeo,  -Ire,  -ivl,  -itus. 


cross,  crux,  crucis,yC 

crown,  corona,  -ae,yC 

culture,  cultura,/  /  cultus,  -us,  m. 

cup,  poculum,  -T,  m. 

custom,  mos,  mods,  m. 

D. 

daily,  cotidie. 

danger,  periculum,  -T,  n, 

daring,  audax,  -acis. 

daring,  audacia,  -ae,yC 

Darius,  Darius,  -1,  m. 

daughter,  filia,  -ae,/. 

day,  dies,  die!,  m.  and/ 

daybreak,  prima  lux. 

dear,  carus,  -a,  -um. 

dearly,  care. 

death,  mors,  mortis,/ 

decorate,  orno,  -are,  -avi,  -atus. 

declare,  declaro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus. 

decree,    decerno,    -ere,    decrevl, 

decretus. 
defeat,  vinco,  -ere,  vici,  victus; 

supero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus. 
defend,  defendo,  -ere,  -dl,  -fensus. 
delay,  moror,  -an,  moratus  sum. 
delight,  delecto,  -are, -avi,  -atus. 
Delphi,  Delphi,  -orum,  m. 
depart,  discedo,  -ere,  -cessl,  -ces- 

sus;   demigro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus. 
desire,  cupio,  -ere,  -Ivl,  -Itus;  volo, 

velle,  volul. 
destroy,  deleo,  -ere,  -evl,  -etus. 
devastate,  vasto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus. 
Diana,  Diana,  -ae,/ 
die,  morior,  -I,  mortuus  sum. 
difficult,  difncilis,  -e. 
diligence,  dlligentia,  -ae,/ 


diligent 


234 


fleet 


diligent,  dlligens,  -gentis. 

diligently,  dlligenter. 

direction,  pars,  partis,  f. 

ditch,  fossa,  -ae,/ 

divide,  divido,  -ere,  -vlsl,  -vlsus. 

divine,  divlnus,  -a,  -um. 

do,  facio,  -ere,  feci,  factus. 

dove,  columba,  -ae,/ 

draw,  traho,  -ere,  traxl,  tractus. 

draw    Up,    instruo,    -ere,   -striixl, 

-structus. 
dwell,    habito,    -are,  -avi,  -atus; 

incolo,  -ere,  -uT,  -cultus. 

E„ 

eagle,  aquila,  -ae,/ 

ear,  auris,  -is,  f. 

earth,  terra,  -ae,  / 

easily,  facile. 

easy,  facilis,  -e. 

educate,  educo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus. 

Egypt,  Aegyptus,  -T,  m. 

elegance,  elegantia,  -ae,  /. 

elephant,  elephantus,  -1,  m.;  ele- 

phas,  -phantis,  m. 
embassy,  legatio,  -5nis,/. 
emperor,  imperator,  -oris,  0*. 
endure,  tolero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus. 
enemy,  hostis,  -is;  iniralcus,  -T,  m. 
enjoy,  fruor,  frui,  fructus  sum. 
err,  err5,  -are,  -avi,  -atus. 
especially,  maxime. 
Europe,  Eur5pa,  -ae,yC 
ever,  umquam. 
everybody,  quisque. 
example,  exemplum,  -T,  n. 
excel,    supero,   -are,    -avi,   -atus; 

praesto,  -stare,  -stiti,  -stitus. 


excellent,  egregius,  -a,  -um. 
exhaust,  defatlgo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus. 
exhort,    hortor,    -ari,  -atus   sum; 

cohortor,  -an,  -atus  sum. 
eye,  oculus,  -T,  m. 

F. 
faction,  facti5,  -5nis,yC 
faith,  fides,  -ei,/ 
faithful,  fldus,  -a,  -um ;   fidelis,  -e. 
faithfully,  fideliter,  fide. 
fame,  gloria,  -ae,yC 
family,  familia,  -ae,  f. 
famous,  clarus,  -a,  -um. 
far,  late,  longe. 
farmer,  agricola,  -ae,  m. 
father,  pater,  -tris,  ;//. 
fatherland,  patria,  -ae,yi 
fault,  culpa,  -ae,/ 
favor,  faveo,  -ere,  favT,  fautus. 
fear,  timor,  -5ris,  m. 
fear,  timed,  -ere,  -uT;   vereor, -en, 

-itus  sum. 
February,  Februarius,  -T,  m, 
fertile,  fertilis,  -e. 
few,  pauci,  -ae,  -a. 
field,  ager,  agrT,  ;;/. 
fight,  pugna,  -ae,  / 
fight,  pugno,  -are,  -avi,  -atus. 
fill,  compleo,  -ere,  -evi,  -etus. 
find,  invenio,  -ire,  -veni,  -ventus; 

reperi5,  -Ire,  repperl,  repertus. 
finish,  conficio,  -ere,  -feci,  -fectus, 
fire,  Ignis,  -is,  m. 
firmness,  c5nstantia,  -ae,yC 
fit,  idoneus,  -a,  -um. 
flee,  fugid,  -ere,  fugl,  fugitus. 
fleet,  classis,  -is, /I 


flight 


235 


Hannibal 


flight,  fuga,  -ae,/ 

flourish,  floreS,  -ere,  -ul. 

flow,  fiuo,  -ere,  fluxl,  fluxus. 

flower,  flos,  floris,  m. 

fly,  volo,  -are,  -avl,  -atus. 

foe,  hostis,  -is;   inimlcus,  -1,  m. 

follow,  sequor,  -T,  seciitus  sum. 

following,  posterus,  -a,  -urn. 

food,  cibus,  1,  m, 

foot,  pes,  pedis,  m, 

foot-soldier,  pedes,  peditis,  m. 

for,  dat.  without  prep.;  pro,  with  abl. 

for  (conj.),  nam,  enim. 

for  a  long  time,  din. 

forces,  copiae,  -arum,/ 

forest,  silva,  -ae,/ 

forgive,     Ignosco,     -ere,     -novl, 

-notus. 
form    (battle  line),  instruo,  -ere, 

-struxl,  -structus, 
former,  ille,  ilia,  lllud. 
form  plan,  ined  consilium. 
for  sake  of,  causa. 
fortification,    vallum,    -I;    opus, 

operis,  n. 
fortify,  munio,  -Ire,  -IvI,  -Itus. 
found,  condo,  -ere,  -didi,  -ditus. 
fox,  vulpes,  -is,  fo 
fraud9  fraus,  fraudis,/ 
free,  liber5,  -are,  -avT,  -atus. 
free,  liber,  -era,  -erum. 
friend,  amicus,  -T,  m. 
friendship,  amicitia,  -ae,/ 
frighten,  terreo,  -ere,  -m,  territus. 
from,  e,  ex,  a,  ab,  with  abL 

G. 

gain,  reporto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus. 


Galba,  Galba,  -ae,  m, 
garden,  hortus,  -1,  m, 
gate,  porta,  -ae,yC 
Gaul,  Gallia,  -ae,  / 
general,  imperator,  -oris,  m. 
German,  Germanus,  -a,  -um. 
German,  Germanus,  -1,  m. 
Germany,  Germania,  -ae,/. 
gift,  donum;  -T,  n. 
girl,  puella,  -ae,/ 
give,  do,  dare,  dedT,  datus. 
glad,  laetus,  -a,  -um. 
gladness,  laetitia,  -ae,/ 
go,  eo,  ire,  IvT,  itus. 
go  away,  abeo,  -ire,  -il,  -itus. 
god,  deus,  -1,  m. 
goddess,  dea,  -ae,/ 
go  into,  ineo,  -Ire,  -il,  -itus. 
gold,  aurum,  -I,  n. 
good,  bonus,  -a,  -um. 
goods,  bona,  -orum,  n, 
grain,  frumentum,  -I,  n. 
grape,  uva,  -ae,/ 
grass,  gramen,  -inis,  n. 
grave,  sepulchrum,  -I,  n. 
great,  magnus,  -a,  -um. 
Greece,  Graecia,  -ae,/ 
Greek,  Graecus,  -I,  m. 
green,  viridis,  -e. 
grief,  dolor,  -oris,  m. 
growth,  auctus,  -us,  m, 
guard,  praesidium,  -I,  n. 

H. 

Haeduan,  Aeduus,  -1,  m. 
half,  dlmidium,  -I,  n, 
hand,  manus,  -us,  m. 
Hannibal,  Hannibal,  -alis,  m. 


happy 


236 


kill 


happy,  felix,  -cis;  beatus,  -a,  «um. 

harbor,  portus,  -us,  m. 

hasten,  propero,  -are,  -avl,  -atus; 

contendo,  -ere,  -dl,  -tus. 
have,  habeo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itus. 
he,  is,  hie,  ille. 
hear,  audio,  -ire,  -TvT,  -Ttus. 
help,  iuvo,  -are,  iuvT,  iutus. 
Helvetia,  Helvetia,  -ae,/ 
Helvetian,  Helvetius,  -1,  m. 
hen,  gallina,  -ae,/ 
high,  altus,  -a,  -um. 
hill,  collis,  -is,  m. 
his,  suus,  -a,  -um. 
history,  historia,  -ae,  f. 
hither,  citerior,  -ius. 
hold,  teneo,  -ere,  -ui,  tentus. 
holy,  sacer,  -era,  -crum. 
home,  domus,  -iis,/ 
Homer,  Homerus,  -T,  m. 
hope,  spes,  spel,/ 
Horatius  Codes,  Horatius  Cocles, 

-1,  -itisj  m. 
horn,  cornu,  -us,  n. 
horse,  equus,  -I,  m. 
horseman,  eques,  equitis,  m. 
hostage,  obses,  -idis,  m, 
hour,  hora,  -ae,/I 
house,  domus,  -us,/ 
huge,  ingens,  -entis. 
humany  humanus,  -a,  -um. 


immortal,  immortalis,  -e. 
in,  in. 
into,  in. 

increase,  augeo,  -ere,  auxT,  auctus. 
industry,  industria,  -ae,/ 
infantry,  peditatus,  -us,  m. 
inhabitant,  incola,  -ae,  ??i. 
injure,  laed5,  -ere,  laesi,  laesus; 

noceo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itus, 
innocent,  innocens,  -entis. 
in  order  that,  ut. 
inquire,    quaero,    -ere,    quaesTvIj 

quaesitus. 
integrity,  integrities,  -atis,/ 
Ireland,  Hibernia,  -ae,/ 
island,  Insula,  -ae,/ 
it,  id,  hoc,  illud. 
Italy,  Italia,  -ae,/ 


January,  Ianuarius,  -1,  m. 
journey,  iter,  itineris,  n. 
joy,  gaudium,  -T,  n. 
judge,  iudex,  -icis,  m. 
Julia,  Iiilia,  -ae,/ 
Julius,  Iulius,  -1,  m. 
July,  Iulius,  -I,  m. 
Jupiter,  Iuppiter,  Iovis,  m. 
Jura,  Iura,  -ae,  m. 
just,  iustus,  -a,  -um. 
justice,  iustitia,  -ae,/ 


I, 

I,  ego,  mei. 

if,  si. 

if  not,  nisi. 

illustrious,  clarus,  -a,  -um. 

immediately,  statim. 


K. 
keen,  acer,  acris,  acre. 
keep  away,  prohibeo,  -ere,  -ui, 

-itus. 
kill,  nec5,  -are,  -avl,  -atus;   inter- 

ficio,  -ere,  -feci,  -fectus. 


kind 


237 


narrow  way 


kind,  benlgnus,  -a,  -um. 
king,  rex,  regis,  m. 
knee,  genu,  -us,  n. 
knowledge,  scientia,  -ae,/ 
known,  notus,  -a,  -um. 


labor,  labor,  -oris,  m. 

labor,  laborS,  -are,  -avi,  -atus. 

lack,  desum,  -esse,    -fuT;    deficio, 

-ere,  -feci,  -fectus. 
lady,  matrona,  -ae,/ 
land,  terra,  -ae,  / 
language,  sermo,  -onis,  m, 
large,  magnus,  -a,  -um. 
last,  ultimus,  -a,  -um. 
latter,  hie,  haec,  h5c. 
law,  lex,  legis,  / 

lay  waste,  vast 5,  -are,  -avi,  -atus. 
laziness,  pigritia,  -ae,/ 
lead,  duco,  -ere,  duxi,  ductus. 
leader,  dux,  ducis,  m. 
leaf,  folium,  -T,  n. 
learn,  disc5,  -ere,  didicT. 
left,  sinister,  -tra,  -trum. 
legion,  legio,  -onis,/ 
lest,  ne. 

letter,  littera,  -ae;  epistula,  -ae;  / 
liberality,  liberalitas,  -atis,  /. 
liberate,  libero,  -are,  -avT,  -atus. 
liberty,  libertas,  -atis,/ 
lie,  iace5,  -ere,  -uT. 
lieutenant,  legatus,  -T,  m. 
life,  vita,  -ae,/ 
light,  lux,  lucis,/ 
lion,  leo,  leonis,  in. 
little,  parvus,  -a,  -um. 
live,  habito,  -are,  -avT,  -atus. 


long,  longus,  -a,  -um. 
love,  amo,  -are,  -avT,  -atus. 
love,  amor,  -oris,  m, 
low,  humilis,  -e. 

M. 

maid-servant,  ancilla,  -ae,  / 

make,  faci5,  -ere,  feci,  factus. 

man,  homo,  -inis;   vir,  -1;   m. 

many,  multT,  -ae,  -a. 

march,  iter,  itineris,  n. ;  via,  -ae,/ 

March,  Martius,  -T,  m. 

Mars,  Mars,  Martis,  m. 

master,    dominus,    -1;    magister, 

-trl;   m. 
meal,  cena,  -ae,/ 
Mercury,  Mercurius,  -I,  m. 
messenger,  nuntius,  -T,  m. 
mile,  mille  passuum. 
Miltiades,  Miltiades,  -is,  m. 
mind,  mens,  mentis,  /  /  animus, 

-1,  m. 
Minerva,  Minerva,  -ae,/ 
modest,  modestus,  -a,  -um 
money,  peciinia,  -ae,/ 
month,  mensis,  -is,  m, 
mortal,  mortalis,  -e. 
mother,  mater,  -tris,  / 
mourn,  luge5,  -ere,  lux!,  luctus. 
mountain,  mons,  montis,  m. 
move,  moveo,  -ere,  movi,  motus. 
much,  multus,  -a,  -um. 
multitude,  multitudo,  -inis,/ 

N. 
name,  nomen,  -inis,  n. 
narrow,  angustus,  -a,  -um. 
narrow  way,  angustiae,  -arum,  / 


nation 


238 


promise 


nation,  natio,  -onis,  f. 

near,  ad,  with  ace. ;  prope,  adv., 

and  prep,  with  aee. 
new,  novus,  -a,  -urn. 
night,  nox,  noctis,/ 
Nile,  Nilus,  -I,  m. 
none,  nullus,  -a,  -um. 
not,  non,  ne. 

nothing,  nihil  (indeclinable). 
now,  nunc. 
number,  numerus,  -1,  m. 

0. 
0,5. 

obey,  pareo,  -ere,  -uT,  -itus. 
occupy,  occupo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus. 
of,  genitive  without  prep. 
offend,  offendo,  -ere,  -1,  -fensus. 
often,  saepe. 
oh  that,  utinam. 
old,  vetus,  veteris;   senex,  senis. 
old  man,  senex,  senis,  m. 
Olympus,  Olympus,  -T,  m. 
On,  in,  with  abl.  and  ace. 
on  account  of,  causa, 
once  upon  a  time,  olim. 
open,  aperio,  -ire,  -ui,  apertus. 
Oppose,  obsum,  -esse,  -ful. 
Oracle,  oraculum,  -T,  n. 
Oration,  oratio,  -onis,/ 
Orator,  orator,  -oris,  771. 
order,  iussus,  -us,  m. 
Order,  iube5,  -ere,  iussi,  iussus. 
ought,  debeo,  -ere,  -uT,  debitus. 
Our,  noster,  -tra,  -trum. 
out  from,  e,  ex,  with  abl. 
overcome,     supero,     -are,     -avi, 
-atus. 


pacify,  paco,  -are,  -avi,  -atus. 
parent,  parens,  -entis,  m,  andf. 
part,  pars,  partis,/ 
patience,  patientia,  -ae,/ 
peace,  pax,  pacis,/ 
peasant,  rusticus,  -1,  m. 
people,  populus,  -1,  771. 
perform,  fungor,  -gi,  functus  sum. 
perseverance,  constantia,  -ae,/ 
Persian,  Persa,  -ae,  m. 
persuade,    persuadeo,    -ere,    -si, 

-sus. 
physician,  medicus,  -1,  m. 
pirate,  plrata,  -ae,  m. 
place,  locus,  -T,  m. 
place,  pono,  -ere,  posuT,  positus. 
plain,  planities,  -el,  / 
Plato,  Plato,  -onis,  ;//. 
please,  place5,  -ere,  -uT,  -itus. 
pleasing,  gratus,  -a,  -um. 
pleasure,  voluptas,  -atis,/ 
plow,  aratrum,  -1,  n. 
plow,  aro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus. 
Po,  Padus,  -1,  m. 
poet,  poeta,  -ae,  m. 
poor,  miser,  -era,  -erum. 
poplar,  populus,  -T,/ 
power,  potentia,  -ae,/ 
powerful,  potens,  -entis. 
praise,  laus,  laudis,/ 
praise,  laudo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus. 
prefer,  mal5,  malle,  maluT. 
prepare,  par5,  -are,  -avi,  -atus. 
pride,  superbia,  -ae,  / 
priest,  sacerdos,  -otis,  m. 
Prometheus,  Prometheus,  -eT,   m. 
promise,  polliceor,  -eri,  -itus  sum. 


protection 


239 


protection,  praesidium,  -1,  n. 

proud,  superbus,  -a,  -um. 

provisions,  commeatus,  -us,  m. 

prudence,  priidentia,  -ae,yC 

Punic,  Punicus,  -a,  -um. 

punish,  piinio,  -ire,  -Tvl,  -Itus. 

pupil,  discipulus,  -I,  m. 

put  in  command,  praeficiS,  -ere, 
-feci,  -fectus. 

put  to  death,  nec5,  -are,  -avi, 
-atus;  interficio,  -ere,  -feci,  -fec- 
tus. 

put  to  flight,  fug5,  -are,  -avi, 
-atus. 

<?• 

queen,  regina,  -ae,  f. 

R. 

rapid,  celer,  -eris,  -ere. 

rather,  cvmp.  degree. 

read,  lego,  -ere,  lexT,  lectus. 

reason,  causa,  -ae,yC 

recall,  revoco,  -are,  -avl,  -atus. 

receive,  accipi5,  -ere,  -cepT,  -ceptus. 

refresh,  recreo,  -are,  -avl,  -atus. 

reign,  regnum,  -1,  n. 

reign,  regno,  -are,  -avl,  -atus. 

rejoice,  gaudeo,  -ere,  gavisus  sum. 

remain,  mane5,  -ere,  mansi,  man- 

sus. 
report,  reniinti5,  -are,  -avl,  -atus. 
republic,  res  piiblica,  -el,  -ae,yC 
resist,  resists,  -ere,  -stiti. 
return,  redeo,  -ire,  -il,  -itus. 
reward,  praemium,  -T,  n. 
reward,  remuneror,  -an,  remune- 

ratus  sum. 
Rhine,  Rhenus,  -1,  m. 


rich,  opulentus,  -a,  -um. 

right,  dexter,  -tra,  -trum. 

river,  fluvius,  T,  m.;  flumen,  -inis,  n. 

Roman,  Romanus,  -a,  -um. 

Roman,  Romanus,  -I,  m. 

Rome,  Roma,  -ae,y^ 

Romulus,  Romulus,  -T,  m. 

rose,  rosa,  -ae,  f. 

rout,  fug5,  -are,  -avl,  -atus. 

rule,  rego,  -ere,  rexi,  rectus. 

S. 
sad,  maestus,  -a,  -um. 
safe,  tutus,  -a,  -um. 
sail,  navigo,  -are,  -avl,  -atus. 
sailor,  nauta,  -ae,  m. 
same,  idem,  eadem,  idem. 
save,  serv5,  -are,  -avl,  -atus. 
say,  dlco,  -ere,  dixT,  dictus. 
science,  scientia,  -ae,^ 
Scipio,  wScipio,  -onis,  m. 
sea,  mare,  -is,  n. 
see,  video,  -ere,  vldi,  visus. 
seek,  peto,  -ere,  -Tv!*,  -itus. 
seize,  occupo,  -are,  -avl,  -atus. 
select,  deligo,  -ere,  -legT,  -lectus. 
selection,  delectus,  -us,  m. 
sell,  vendo,  -ere,  -did!,  -itus. 
senate,  senatus,  -us,  m. 
senator,  senator,  -oris,  m. 
send,  mitto,  -ere,  mlsl,  missus. 
send    forward,    praemitto,    -ere, 

-mlsl,  -missus. 
sermon,  sermo,  -5nis,  m. 
serve,  servio,  -Tre,  -Tvl,  -Ttus. 
set  out,   progredior,    -T,    -gressus 

sum. 
severe,  gravis,  -e. 


severely 


240 


teach 


severely,  graviter. 

shame,  pudor,  -oris,  m. 

sharp,  acer,  acris,  acre. 

sharply,  acriter. 

sharpness,  acritudo,  -inis,/ 

she,  ea,  haec,  ilia. 

shield,  scutum,  -1,  n. 

ship,  navis,  -is,  yC 

short,  brevis,  -e. 

shrewd,  acer,  acris,  acre. 

Sicily,  Sicilia,  -ae,/ 

sick,  aeger,  -gra,  -grum. 

silver,  argentum,  -1,  n. 

since,  cum. 

sing,   cano,   -ere,  cecinl,   cantus; 

canto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus. 
skiff,  cymba,  -ae,/ 
skilful,  peritus,  -a,  -um. 
slave,  servus,  -I,  m. 
sleep,  somnus,  -1,  m, 
sleep,  dormio,  -ire,  -Ivi,  -Itus. 
slender,  gracilis,  -e. 
small,  parvus,  -a,  -um. 
snow,  nix,  nivis,/ 
Socrates,  Socrates,  -is,  m. 
soldier,  miles,  -itis,  m. 
some  one,  aliquis,  -qua,  -quid. 
some  .  .  .  other,  alii  .  .  .  alii. 
son,  filius,  -T,  m. 
song,    carmen,    -inis,    n. ;  cantus, 

-us,  m. 
soon,  mox. 

sorrow,  dolor,  -oris,  m.  * 
so  that,  ut. 
soul,  animus,  -T,  m. 
spare,  parco,  -ere,  pepercT,  parsus. 
spear,  hasta,  -ae,  / 
speech,  sermS,  -5nis,  m. 


speed,  celeritas,  -atis,/ 
standard,  slgnum,  -T,  n. 
standard-bearer,  slgnifer,  -1,  m. 
star,  stella,  -ae,/ 
state,  civitas,  -atis,yC 
stone,  lapis,  -idis,  m. 
story,  fabula,  -ae,  f. 
stream,  fluvius,  -1,  m. 
strife,  certamen,  -inis,  n. 
strong,  valid  us,  -a,  -um. 
sturdy,  validus,  -a,  -um. 
subdue,  super5,  -are,  -avi,  -atus; 

paco,  -are,  -avT,  -atus. 
successfully,  fellciter. 
succor,  succurro,  -ere,  -curri,  -cur- 

sus. 
suddenly,  subito. 
suitable,  idoneus,  -a,  -um. 
summer,  aestas,  -atis,yC 
sun,  sol,  solis,  m. 
supremacy,  imperium,  -1,  n. 
surrender,    dedo,     -ere,     dedidT, 

-itus. 
surpass,  supers,  -are,  -avi,  -atus. 
suspicion,  suspicio,  -onis,/ 
sweet,  dulcis,  -e. 
swift,  celer,  -eris,  -ere. 
swiftly,  celeriter. 
swiftness,  celeritas,  -atis,/ 
sword,  gladius,  -1,  m. 

T. 

table,  mensa,  -ae,/ 

take,  capi5,  -ere,  cepT,  captus. 

take    by   storm,    expugnS,   -are, 

-avi,  -atus. 
task,  pensum,  -1,  n. 
teach,  doceo,  -ere,  -ui,  doctus. 


teacher 


241 


who 


teacher,  praeceptor,  -oris;   magis- 

ter,  -hi;   m. 
tell,  dlco,  -ere,  dlxT,  dlctus;  narro, 

-are,  -avi,  -atus. 
tempest,  tempestas,  -atis,/ 
temple,  templum,  -T,  n. 
tender,  tener,  -era,  -erum. 
territory,  tines,  -ium,  m. 
than,  quam. 
thanks,  gratia,  -ae,/ 
thanksgiving,  supplicatio,  -onis,/ 
that,  ut. 

that,  ille,  ilia,  illud;   is,  ea,  id. 
their,  suus,  -a,  -urn. 
there,  ibi. 
thing,  res,  rel,/ 
think,  put5,  -are,  -avi,  -atus;   ex- 

istimo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus. 
this,  hie,  haec,  h5c. 
tie  to,  alligo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus. 
time,  tempus,  -oris,  n.  ;  tempestas, 

-atis,  / 
tired,  defessus,  -a,  -um. 
to,  ad,  with  ace. ;  dative  without 

prep. 
toil,  labor5,  -are,  -avT,  -atus. 
too,  co7?ip.  degree. 
top,  summus,  -a,  -um. 
town,  oppidum,  -T,  n. 
townsman,  oppidanus,  -T,  m. 
transport,  transports,  -are,  -avT, 

-atus. 
treachery,  Insidiae,  -arum;   dolus, 

-T,  m. 
tree,  arbor,  -oris,  f. 
tribe,  tribus,  -us,  m. 
troops,  copiae,  -arum,  f. 
truth,  Veritas,  -atis,/. 


try,  tento,  -are,  -avi,  -atus. 
twice,  bis. 

U. 

understand,  intelleg5,  -ere,  -lexi, 

-lectus. 
unhappy,  infelix,  -icis. 
unless,  nisi, 
unlike,  dissimilis,  -e. 
unrighteous,  improbus,  -a,  -um. 
upright,  probus,  -a,  -um. 
urge  on,  incito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus. 
use,  utor,  -I,  usus  sum. 
useful,  utilis,  -e. 

V. 

Vergil,  Vergilius,  -I,  m, 

very,   super,  degree;    ipse,    ipsa, 

ipsum. 
victor,  victor,  -oris,  m. 
Victoria,  Victoria,  -ae,/ 
victory,  victoria,  -ae,/ 
voice,  vox,  vocis,/ 

W. 

wage,  gero,  -ere,  gessi,  gestus. 
wall,  murus,  -I,  m. 
war,  bellum,  -I,  n. 
warm,  calidus,  -a,  -um. 
watch,  vigilia,  -ae,/ 
water,  aqua,  -ae,/ 
well,  bene. 

what,  quid;   quis,  quae,  quod, 
when,  cum. 
where,  ubi. 
whether,  utrum. 
white,  albus,  -a,  -um. 
who,  quis,  quae,  quid;   qui,  quae, 
quod. 


whole 


242 


youth 


whole,  totus,  -a,  -urn. 

wholesome,  salubris,  -e. 

why,  cur, 

wide,  latus,  -a,  -um. 

wife,  uxor,  -oris,/ 

wild  beast,  fera,  -ae,/ 

win,  reporto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus. 

wine,  vinum,  -T,  n. 

winter,  hiems,  hiemis,/ 

winter-quarters,  hlberna,  -orum, 

n. 
wisdom,  sapientia,  -ae,/ 
wise,  sapiens,  -entis. 
wish,   volo,    velle,   volui;    cupi5, 

-ere,  -Ivi,  -Ttus. 
withdraw,    demigro,    -are,    -avi, 

-atus;  discedo,  -ere,  -cessi,  -ces- 

sus. 
within,  in,  with  abU 
wolf,  lupus,  -1,  m. 
woman,  femina,  -ae,/ 


wonder,  miror,  -an,  -atus  sum. 
word,  verbum,  -T,  n. 
work,  opus,  operis,  n. 
worthy,  dignus,  -a,  -um. 
would  that,  utinam. 
wound,  vulnus,  -eris,  n. 
wound,  vulnero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus. 
wretched,  miser,  -era,  -erum. 
write,  scribo,  -ere,  scrlpsi,  scrlp- 

tus. 
writer,  scrlptor,  -oris,  m. 

Y. 

year,  annus,  -T,  m. 
yield,   gign5,  -ere,  genu!,  genitus. 
you,  tu,  tui;   vos,  vestrum. 
young,  iuvenis,  -e. 
young  man,  iuvenis,  -is,  m. 
youth,    adulescens,    -entis,     m.  ; 
iuventiis,  -tutis,  f. 


H  new  Beginners'  Greek  Book. 

By  I.  F.  Frisbee,  Ph.D. 

This  new  Beginners*  Greek  Book  is  modeled  from  the 
standpoint  of  the  learner.  The  pupil  is  required  to  think  out 
everything  for  himself. 

1.  fts  paradigms  contain  only  the  most  common  words  of 
Xenophon's  Anabasis.  In  their  selection  preference  has  been 
regularly  given  to  root  words, 

2.  Its  sentences  for  the  exposition  of  the  syntax  are  taken 
intact  from  the  Anabasis,  and  are  expressed  in  the  familiar 
language  of  the  student.  Those  sentences  with  inflectional 
forms  are  accompanied  by  brief  critical  observations,  especially 
suited  to  young  pupils. 

3.  Its  vocabulary  contains  a  special  list  of  the  most  common 
words  of  the  Anabasis. 

4.  Its  formation  of  words  deals  with  the  most  common  words 
of  the  pupil's  vocabulary. 

5.  Its  inflectional  forms  are  classified  according  to  their 
natural  relations  ;  for  example — the  vowel  declensions  are 
treated  together,  and  the  verb  is  developed  with  its  three  voices 
in  the  order  of  those  forms  most  common  in  Greek. 

There  are  many  other  features  besides  these  which  we 
think  will  appeal  to  you. 

Those  who  have  used  the  book  in  the  class  room,  write  • 
us,  that — "  for  logical  arrangement  and  scientific  treatment  of 
the  fundamental  principles  of  Greek  it  has  no  equal."  The 
lessons  are  so  arranged  that  even  the  dullest  pupils  can  make 
rapid  advancement.  Would  you  be  interested  to  see  a  copy 
of  this  book  ?     Price,  $1.23. 

HINDS  &  NOBLE,  Publishers, 
4  Cooper  Institute,  New  York  Gty« 


Shortest  Road  to  Caesar 

By  E.  T.  Jeffer s 

Principal  of  York  Collegiate  Institute,  York,  Pa. 


The  "Shortest  Road  to  Caesar"  does  not  offer  itself  as 
an  easy  road.  Those  who  love  ease  will  reach  neither 
Caesar  nor  excellence.  The  student  is  here  shown  how 
he  may  reach  Caesar  "itinere  magno." 

The  volume  consists  of  two  pans :  The  first,  a  begin- 
ner's Latin  book  ;  the  last,  the  text  and  vocabulary  of 
the  second  book  of  Caesar's  Gallic  War. 

The  plan  includes  the  following  special  points  : 

(1)  The  size  of  the  book  is  reduced  by  referring  to  the 
grammar  for  rules  and  forms,  instead  of  reproducing 
them. 

(2)  A  small  number  of  words  is  used,  only  about  three 
hundred. 

(3)  The  words  are,  with  few  exceptions,  those  found 
in  the  first  six  chapters  of  the  second  book  of  Caesar. 

(4)  The  phrases  and  sentences  are  largely  from  the 
same  chapters. 

(5)  Only  the  leading  rules  of  syntax  are  required  or 
illustrated. 

(6)  In  the  vocabularies,  generally,  but  one  meaning 
is  given  to  each  Latin  word. 

The  advantages  discovered  after  a  year's  experiment  are  : 

(1)  In  general,  a  saving  of  time  without  loss  of 
thoroughness  of  preparation  for  reading. 

(2)  The  student  is  not  confused  by  finding  in  the 
grammar  a  paradigm  or  a  form  of  rule  different  from 
what  he  learned  in  his  beginner's  book. 

(3)  He  learns  no  word  for  which  he  does  not  find  use 
in  his  first  attempts  at  reading. 

(4)  By  frequent  use  of  the  same  set  of  words  and 
idioms,  he  forms  the  habit  of  giving  instantly  the  Eng- 
lish equivalent  of  a  Latin  word  or  phrase. 

(5)  The  last  part  is  added  to  supply  all  the  student 
needs  for  the  study  of  the  language  for  one  year. 

(6)  The  memory  is  not  overtaxed  in  the  effort  to 
retain  many  meanings  for  each  word,  and  the  judgment 
is  trained  in  modifying  the  given  meaning  to  adapt  it  to 
new  connections. 

The  book  is  particularly  suited  to  High  Schools  and 
Preparatory  Schools.    Price,  fj  cents. 

HINDS  &  NOBLE,  Publishers 
4-5-6-J2-J3-J4  Cooper  Institute  New  York  City  e 


fhis  series  contains  the  only  two-part  Greek  Lexicon, 

Dictionaries 

Classic  Serlea 

Especially  planned  and  carefully  produced  to  meet 
the  requirements  of  students  and  teachers  in  colleges, 
high  schools  and  academies.  Modern  scholarship, 
modern  typography,  modern  arrangement.  Beauti- 
fully legible,  clear  type.  Durably  bound  in  half  morrocco 
in  a  style  particularly  attractive.     Size  8x5^  inches. 

German-English—English-German.  11 12  pages. 

Price,  $2.00. 
French-English — English-French,    n 22  pages. 

Price,  $2.00. 
Italian-English — English-Italian.    1187  pages. 

Price,  $2.00. 
Latin-English — English-Latin.  941  pages. 

Price,  $2.00. 
Greek-English— English-Greek.        1056  pages. 

Price  $2.00;  This  is  the  only  Greek  Lexicon  con- 
taining both  Greek-English  and  English-Greek 
parts  in  one  volume  Heretofore,  a  good  Greek- 
Eiiglish  Lexicon,  separate,  has  cost  as  much  or 
more  than  this  two-part  Lexicon. 

The  English-Greek  Dictionary, 

being  the  Second  Part  of  the  above,  bound  separ- 
ately, but  published  at  $1.00. 

Wew-Testament  Lexicon. 

Greek-English.  An  entirely  new  work  embodying 
notable  improvements  upon  all  similar  works. 
Handy-volume  size.    Price,  $1.00. 

Dealing  as  we  do  exclusively  in  School  and  College 
Books,  we  have  discovered  a  wide  demand  from  Teachers 
and  the  Student  Public  for  a  series  of  dictionaries,  uniform 
in  size,  up  to  the  times  in  point  of  contents,  authoritative 
while  modern  as  regards  scholarship,  instantly  accessible 
in  respect  to  arrangement,  of  best  quality  as  to  typography 
and  paper,  and  in  a  binding  at  once  elegant  ancl  durable. 
That  the  volumes  in  this  series  are  the  best  in  all  these  re- 
spects, is  attested  by  their  adoption  and  continued  use  by 
hundreds  of  the  influential  colleges  and  preparatory  schools 
Of  this  country  and  Canada. 

Hinds  &  Noble,  Publishers 
4-5-13-14  uooper  Institute  New  York  City 


In  the  First  Greek  Lessons  the  author  has  drawn  largely  front 
the  Bible  for  illustrative  sentences,  so  that  after  going  through  the 
Lessons  the  student  will  have  little  difficulty  in  reading  the 
New  Testament  in  the  Greek, 

Brooks'  Classics 


Historia  Sacra,  with  ist  Latin  Lessons.  Revised,  with 
Vocabulary.  Price  50  cents.  This  justly  popular  volume, 
besides  the  Epitome  Historiae  Sacrse,  the  Notes,  and  the 
Lexicon,  contains  100  pages  of  elementary  Latin  Lessons  so 
arranged  as  to  form  a  practical  course  in  Latin  for  the 
beginner,  making  it  practicable  for  the  teacher,  without 
recourse  to  any  other  book,  to  carry  the  pupil  quickly  and  in 
easy  steps,  over  the  ground  preparatory  to  a  profitable  read- 
ing of  the  Epitome  Historiae  Sacrae.     Price  50  cents. 

First  Lessons  in  Greek,  with  Lexicon.  Revised  Edition. 
Prepared  on  the  same  plan  as  the  author's  First  Latin 
Lessons.  Tables  giving  derivations  of  the  parts  of  speech. 
Tables  showing  the  formation  of  the  tenses.  Price  50  cents. 

Virgil's  i&neid,  with  Lexicon.  Illustrated  and  revised  Edition. 
Notes,  Critical,  Historical  and  Mythological.  Metrical  In- 
dex and  Map,  and  numerous  engravings  of  Antique  Statues, 
Arms,  Gems,  Coins  and  Medals.  Also  Questions  for 
Examinations.     Price  reduced  to  $1.50. 

Says  Dr.  Shelton  Mackenzie  :-— "  It  is  the  most 
beautiful  edition  of  Virgil's  ./Eneid  yet  published.  As  an 
illustrated  school  book  it  has  never  been  even  approached." 

Ovid's  Metamorphoses,  with  Lexicon.  Illustrated  and  Re- 
vised Edition.  Expurgated  and  adapted  for  Mixed  Classes. 
Elucidated  by  an  Analysis  and  Explanation  of  each  Table. 
With  English  Notes,  Historical,  Mythological  and  Critical, 
and  Questions  for  Examinations.      Price  reduced  to  $1.50. 

Says  Dr.  Newell:— "It  bears  the  impress  alike  of 
the  accurate  scholar  and  the  experienced  teacher.  He  has 
added  a  body  of  explanatory  notes,  which  for  fullness, 
variety  and  appropriateness,  will  compare  with  any  similar 
work,  and  gain  by  the  comparison." 


Hinds  &  Noble,  Publishers 

4  Cooper  Institute  New  York  City 


VB  36248 


M 

kMm 


